How to use images in the new image format
=========================================

Author: Bartlomiej Sieka <tur@semihalf.com>


Overview
--------

The new uImage format allows more flexibility in handling images of various
types (kernel, ramdisk, etc.), it also enhances integrity protection of images
with sha1 and md5 checksums.

Two auxiliary tools are needed on the development host system in order to
create an uImage in the new format: mkimage and dtc, although only one
(mkimage) is invoked directly. dtc is called from within mkimage and operates
behind the scenes, but needs to be present in the $PATH nevertheless. It is
important that the dtc used has support for binary includes -- refer to

	git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git

for its latest version. mkimage (together with dtc) takes as input
an image source file, which describes the contents of the image and defines
its various properties used during booting. By convention, image source file
has the ".its" extension, also, the details of its format are given in
doc/uImage.FIT/source_file_format.txt. The actual data that is to be included in
the uImage (kernel, ramdisk, etc.) is specified in the image source file in the
form of paths to appropriate data files. The outcome of the image creation
process is a binary file (by convention with the ".itb" extension) that
contains all the referenced data (kernel, ramdisk, etc.) and other information
needed by U-Boot to handle the uImage properly. The uImage file is then
transferred to the target (e.g., via tftp) and booted using the bootm command.

To summarize the prerequisites needed for new uImage creation:
- mkimage
- dtc (with support for binary includes)
- image source file (*.its)
- image data file(s)


Here's a graphical overview of the image creation and booting process:

image source file     mkimage + dtc		  transfer to target
	+	     ---------------> image file --------------------> bootm
image data file(s)

SPL usage
---------

The SPL can make use of the new image format as well, this traditionally
is used to ship multiple device tree files within one image. Code in the SPL
will choose the one matching the current board and append this to the
U-Boot proper binary to be automatically used up by it.
Aside from U-Boot proper and one device tree blob the SPL can load multiple,
arbitrary image files as well. These binaries should be specified in their
own subnode under the /images node, which should then be referenced from one or
multiple /configurations subnodes. The required images must be enumerated in
the "loadables" property as a list of strings.

If a platform specific image source file (.its) is shipped with the U-Boot
source, it can be specified using the CONFIG_SPL_FIT_SOURCE Kconfig symbol.
In this case it will be automatically used by U-Boot's Makefile to generate
the image.
If a static source file is not flexible enough, CONFIG_SPL_FIT_GENERATOR
can point to a script which generates this image source file during
the build process. It gets passed a list of device tree files (taken from the
CONFIG_OF_LIST symbol).

The SPL also records to a DT all additional images (called loadables) which are
loaded. The information about loadables locations is passed via the DT node with
fit-images name.

Finally, if there are multiple xPL phases (e.g. SPL, VPL), images can be marked
as intended for a particular phase using the 'phase' property. For example, if
fit_image_load() is called with image_ph(IH_PHASE_SPL, IH_TYPE_FIRMWARE), then
only the image listed into the "firmware" property where phase is set to "spl"
will be loaded.

Loadables Example
-----------------
Consider the following case for an ARM64 platform where U-Boot runs in EL2
started by ATF where SPL is loading U-Boot (as loadables) and ATF (as firmware).

/dts-v1/;

/ {
	description = "Configuration to load ATF before U-Boot";

	images {
		uboot {
			description = "U-Boot (64-bit)";
			data = /incbin/("u-boot-nodtb.bin");
			type = "firmware";
			os = "u-boot";
			arch = "arm64";
			compression = "none";
			load = <0x8 0x8000000>;
			entry = <0x8 0x8000000>;
			hash {
				algo = "md5";
			};
		};
		atf {
			description = "ARM Trusted Firmware";
			data = /incbin/("bl31.bin");
			type = "firmware";
			os = "arm-trusted-firmware";
			arch = "arm64";
			compression = "none";
			load = <0xfffea000>;
			entry = <0xfffea000>;
			hash {
				algo = "md5";
			};
		};
		fdt_1 {
			description = "zynqmp-zcu102-revA";
			data = /incbin/("arch/arm/dts/zynqmp-zcu102-revA.dtb");
			type = "flat_dt";
			arch = "arm64";
			compression = "none";
			load = <0x100000>;
			hash {
				algo = "md5";
			};
		};
	};
	configurations {
		default = "config_1";

		config_1 {
			description = "zynqmp-zcu102-revA";
			firmware = "atf";
			loadables = "uboot";
			fdt = "fdt_1";
		};
	};
};

In this case the SPL records via fit-images DT node the information about
loadables U-Boot image.

ZynqMP> fdt addr $fdtcontroladdr
ZynqMP> fdt print /fit-images
fit-images {
	uboot {
		os = "u-boot";
		type = "firmware";
		size = <0x001017c8>;
		entry = <0x00000008 0x08000000>;
		load = <0x00000008 0x08000000>;
	};
};

As you can see entry and load properties are 64bit wide to support loading
images above 4GB (in past entry and load properties where just 32bit).


Example 1 -- old-style (non-FDT) kernel booting
-----------------------------------------------

Consider a simple scenario, where a PPC Linux kernel built from sources on the
development host is to be booted old-style (non-FDT) by U-Boot on an embedded
target. Assume that the outcome of the build is vmlinux.bin.gz, a file which
contains a gzip-compressed PPC Linux kernel (the only data file in this case).
The uImage can be produced using the image source file
doc/uImage.FIT/kernel.its (note that kernel.its assumes that vmlinux.bin.gz is
in the current working directory; if desired, an alternative path can be
specified in the kernel.its file). Here's how to create the image and inspect
its contents:

[on the host system]
$ mkimage -f kernel.its kernel.itb
DTC: dts->dtb  on file "kernel.its"
$
$ mkimage -l kernel.itb
FIT description: Simple image with single Linux kernel
Created:	 Tue Mar 11 17:26:15 2008
 Image 0 (kernel)
  Description:	Vanilla Linux kernel
  Type:		Kernel Image
  Compression:	gzip compressed
  Data Size:	943347 Bytes = 921.24 kB = 0.90 MB
  Architecture: PowerPC
  OS:		Linux
  Load Address: 0x00000000
  Entry Point:	0x00000000
  Hash algo:	crc32
  Hash value:	2ae2bb40
  Hash algo:	sha1
  Hash value:	3c200f34e2c226ddc789240cca0c59fc54a67cf4
 Default Configuration: 'config-1'
 Configuration 0 (config-1)
  Description:	Boot Linux kernel
  Kernel:	kernel


The resulting image file kernel.itb can be now transferred to the target,
inspected and booted (note that first three U-Boot commands below are shown
for completeness -- they are part of the standard booting procedure and not
specific to the new image format).

[on the target system]
=> print nfsargs
nfsargs=setenv bootargs root=/dev/nfs rw nfsroot=${serverip}:${rootpath}
=> print addip
addip=setenv bootargs ${bootargs} ip=${ipaddr}:${serverip}:${gatewayip}:${netmask}:${hostname}:${netdev}:off panic=1
=> run nfsargs addip
=> tftp 900000 /path/to/tftp/location/kernel.itb
Using FEC device
TFTP from server 192.168.1.1; our IP address is 192.168.160.5
Filename '/path/to/tftp/location/kernel.itb'.
Load address: 0x900000
Loading: #################################################################
done
Bytes transferred = 944464 (e6950 hex)
=> iminfo

## Checking Image at 00900000 ...
   FIT image found
   FIT description: Simple image with single Linux kernel
   Created:	    2008-03-11	16:26:15 UTC
    Image 0 (kernel)
     Description:  Vanilla Linux kernel
     Type:	   Kernel Image
     Compression:  gzip compressed
     Data Start:   0x009000e0
     Data Size:    943347 Bytes = 921.2 kB
     Architecture: PowerPC
     OS:	   Linux
     Load Address: 0x00000000
     Entry Point:  0x00000000
     Hash algo:    crc32
     Hash value:   2ae2bb40
     Hash algo:    sha1
     Hash value:   3c200f34e2c226ddc789240cca0c59fc54a67cf4
    Default Configuration: 'config-1'
    Configuration 0 (config-1)
     Description:  Boot Linux kernel
     Kernel:	   kernel

=> bootm
## Booting kernel from FIT Image at 00900000 ...
   Using 'config-1' configuration
   Trying 'kernel' kernel subimage
     Description:  Vanilla Linux kernel
     Type:	   Kernel Image
     Compression:  gzip compressed
     Data Start:   0x009000e0
     Data Size:    943347 Bytes = 921.2 kB
     Architecture: PowerPC
     OS:	   Linux
     Load Address: 0x00000000
     Entry Point:  0x00000000
     Hash algo:    crc32
     Hash value:   2ae2bb40
     Hash algo:    sha1
     Hash value:   3c200f34e2c226ddc789240cca0c59fc54a67cf4
   Verifying Hash Integrity ... crc32+ sha1+ OK
   Uncompressing Kernel Image ... OK
Memory BAT mapping: BAT2=256Mb, BAT3=0Mb, residual: 0Mb
Linux version 2.4.25 (m8@hekate) (gcc version 4.0.0 (DENX ELDK 4.0 4.0.0)) #2 czw lip 5 17:56:18 CEST 2007
On node 0 totalpages: 65536
zone(0): 65536 pages.
zone(1): 0 pages.
zone(2): 0 pages.
Kernel command line: root=/dev/nfs rw nfsroot=192.168.1.1:/opt/eldk-4.1/ppc_6xx ip=192.168.160.5:192.168.1.1::255.255.0.0:lite5200b:eth0:off panic=1
Calibrating delay loop... 307.20 BogoMIPS


Example 2 -- new-style (FDT) kernel booting
-------------------------------------------

Consider another simple scenario, where a PPC Linux kernel is to be booted
new-style, i.e., with a FDT blob. In this case there are two prerequisite data
files: vmlinux.bin.gz (Linux kernel) and target.dtb (FDT blob). The uImage can
be produced using image source file doc/uImage.FIT/kernel_fdt.its like this
(note again, that both prerequisite data files are assumed to be present in
the current working directory -- image source file kernel_fdt.its can be
modified to take the files from some other location if needed):

[on the host system]
$ mkimage -f kernel_fdt.its kernel_fdt.itb
DTC: dts->dtb  on file "kernel_fdt.its"
$
$ mkimage -l kernel_fdt.itb
FIT description: Simple image with single Linux kernel and FDT blob
Created:	 Tue Mar 11 16:29:22 2008
 Image 0 (kernel)
  Description:	Vanilla Linux kernel
  Type:		Kernel Image
  Compression:	gzip compressed
  Data Size:	1092037 Bytes = 1066.44 kB = 1.04 MB
  Architecture: PowerPC
  OS:		Linux
  Load Address: 0x00000000
  Entry Point:	0x00000000
  Hash algo:	crc32
  Hash value:	2c0cc807
  Hash algo:	sha1
  Hash value:	264b59935470e42c418744f83935d44cdf59a3bb
 Image 1 (fdt-1)
  Description:	Flattened Device Tree blob
  Type:		Flat Device Tree
  Compression:	uncompressed
  Data Size:	16384 Bytes = 16.00 kB = 0.02 MB
  Architecture: PowerPC
  Hash algo:	crc32
  Hash value:	0d655d71
  Hash algo:	sha1
  Hash value:	25ab4e15cd4b8a5144610394560d9c318ce52def
 Default Configuration: 'conf-1'
 Configuration 0 (conf-1)
  Description:	Boot Linux kernel with FDT blob
  Kernel:	kernel
  FDT:		fdt-1


The resulting image file kernel_fdt.itb can be now transferred to the target,
inspected and booted:

[on the target system]
=> tftp 900000 /path/to/tftp/location/kernel_fdt.itb
Using FEC device
TFTP from server 192.168.1.1; our IP address is 192.168.160.5
Filename '/path/to/tftp/location/kernel_fdt.itb'.
Load address: 0x900000
Loading: #################################################################
	 ###########
done
Bytes transferred = 1109776 (10ef10 hex)
=> iminfo

## Checking Image at 00900000 ...
   FIT image found
   FIT description: Simple image with single Linux kernel and FDT blob
   Created:	    2008-03-11	15:29:22 UTC
    Image 0 (kernel)
     Description:  Vanilla Linux kernel
     Type:	   Kernel Image
     Compression:  gzip compressed
     Data Start:   0x009000ec
     Data Size:    1092037 Bytes =  1 MB
     Architecture: PowerPC
     OS:	   Linux
     Load Address: 0x00000000
     Entry Point:  0x00000000
     Hash algo:    crc32
     Hash value:   2c0cc807
     Hash algo:    sha1
     Hash value:   264b59935470e42c418744f83935d44cdf59a3bb
    Image 1 (fdt-1)
     Description:  Flattened Device Tree blob
     Type:	   Flat Device Tree
     Compression:  uncompressed
     Data Start:   0x00a0abdc
     Data Size:    16384 Bytes = 16 kB
     Architecture: PowerPC
     Hash algo:    crc32
     Hash value:   0d655d71
     Hash algo:    sha1
     Hash value:   25ab4e15cd4b8a5144610394560d9c318ce52def
    Default Configuration: 'conf-1'
    Configuration 0 (conf-1)
     Description:  Boot Linux kernel with FDT blob
     Kernel:	   kernel
     FDT:	   fdt-1
=> bootm
## Booting kernel from FIT Image at 00900000 ...
   Using 'conf-1' configuration
   Trying 'kernel' kernel subimage
     Description:  Vanilla Linux kernel
     Type:	   Kernel Image
     Compression:  gzip compressed
     Data Start:   0x009000ec
     Data Size:    1092037 Bytes =  1 MB
     Architecture: PowerPC
     OS:	   Linux
     Load Address: 0x00000000
     Entry Point:  0x00000000
     Hash algo:    crc32
     Hash value:   2c0cc807
     Hash algo:    sha1
     Hash value:   264b59935470e42c418744f83935d44cdf59a3bb
   Verifying Hash Integrity ... crc32+ sha1+ OK
   Uncompressing Kernel Image ... OK
## Flattened Device Tree from FIT Image at 00900000
   Using 'conf-1' configuration
   Trying 'fdt-1' FDT blob subimage
     Description:  Flattened Device Tree blob
     Type:	   Flat Device Tree
     Compression:  uncompressed
     Data Start:   0x00a0abdc
     Data Size:    16384 Bytes = 16 kB
     Architecture: PowerPC
     Hash algo:    crc32
     Hash value:   0d655d71
     Hash algo:    sha1
     Hash value:   25ab4e15cd4b8a5144610394560d9c318ce52def
   Verifying Hash Integrity ... crc32+ sha1+ OK
   Booting using the fdt blob at 0xa0abdc
   Loading Device Tree to 007fc000, end 007fffff ... OK
[    0.000000] Using lite5200 machine description
[    0.000000] Linux version 2.6.24-rc6-gaebecdfc (m8@hekate) (gcc version 4.0.0 (DENX ELDK 4.1 4.0.0)) #1 Sat Jan 12 15:38:48 CET 2008


Example 3 -- advanced booting
-----------------------------

Refer to doc/uImage.FIT/multi.its for an image source file that allows more
sophisticated booting scenarios (multiple kernels, ramdisks and fdt blobs).