diff --git a/include/linux/asn1.h b/include/linux/asn1.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a4d0bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/linux/asn1.h
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/* ASN.1 BER/DER/CER encoding definitions
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 Red Hat, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Written by David Howells (dhowells@redhat.com)
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LINUX_ASN1_H
+#define _LINUX_ASN1_H
+
+/* Class */
+enum asn1_class {
+	ASN1_UNIV	= 0,	/* Universal */
+	ASN1_APPL	= 1,	/* Application */
+	ASN1_CONT	= 2,	/* Context */
+	ASN1_PRIV	= 3	/* Private */
+};
+#define ASN1_CLASS_BITS	0xc0
+
+
+enum asn1_method {
+	ASN1_PRIM	= 0,	/* Primitive */
+	ASN1_CONS	= 1	/* Constructed */
+};
+#define ASN1_CONS_BIT	0x20
+
+/* Tag */
+enum asn1_tag {
+	ASN1_EOC	= 0,	/* End Of Contents or N/A */
+	ASN1_BOOL	= 1,	/* Boolean */
+	ASN1_INT	= 2,	/* Integer */
+	ASN1_BTS	= 3,	/* Bit String */
+	ASN1_OTS	= 4,	/* Octet String */
+	ASN1_NULL	= 5,	/* Null */
+	ASN1_OID	= 6,	/* Object Identifier  */
+	ASN1_ODE	= 7,	/* Object Description */
+	ASN1_EXT	= 8,	/* External */
+	ASN1_REAL	= 9,	/* Real float */
+	ASN1_ENUM	= 10,	/* Enumerated */
+	ASN1_EPDV	= 11,	/* Embedded PDV */
+	ASN1_UTF8STR	= 12,	/* UTF8 String */
+	ASN1_RELOID	= 13,	/* Relative OID */
+	/* 14 - Reserved */
+	/* 15 - Reserved */
+	ASN1_SEQ	= 16,	/* Sequence and Sequence of */
+	ASN1_SET	= 17,	/* Set and Set of */
+	ASN1_NUMSTR	= 18,	/* Numerical String */
+	ASN1_PRNSTR	= 19,	/* Printable String */
+	ASN1_TEXSTR	= 20,	/* T61 String / Teletext String */
+	ASN1_VIDSTR	= 21,	/* Videotex String */
+	ASN1_IA5STR	= 22,	/* IA5 String */
+	ASN1_UNITIM	= 23,	/* Universal Time */
+	ASN1_GENTIM	= 24,	/* General Time */
+	ASN1_GRASTR	= 25,	/* Graphic String */
+	ASN1_VISSTR	= 26,	/* Visible String */
+	ASN1_GENSTR	= 27,	/* General String */
+	ASN1_UNISTR	= 28,	/* Universal String */
+	ASN1_CHRSTR	= 29,	/* Character String */
+	ASN1_BMPSTR	= 30,	/* BMP String */
+	ASN1_LONG_TAG	= 31	/* Long form tag */
+};
+
+#define ASN1_INDEFINITE_LENGTH 0x80
+
+#endif /* _LINUX_ASN1_H */
diff --git a/include/linux/asn1_ber_bytecode.h b/include/linux/asn1_ber_bytecode.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b383619
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/linux/asn1_ber_bytecode.h
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/* ASN.1 BER/DER/CER parsing state machine internal definitions
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 Red Hat, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Written by David Howells (dhowells@redhat.com)
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LINUX_ASN1_BER_BYTECODE_H
+#define _LINUX_ASN1_BER_BYTECODE_H
+
+#ifdef __KERNEL__
+#include <linux/types.h>
+#endif
+#include <linux/asn1.h>
+
+typedef int (*asn1_action_t)(void *context,
+			     size_t hdrlen, /* In case of ANY type */
+			     unsigned char tag, /* In case of ANY type */
+			     const void *value, size_t vlen);
+
+struct asn1_decoder {
+	const unsigned char *machine;
+	size_t machlen;
+	const asn1_action_t *actions;
+};
+
+enum asn1_opcode {
+	/* The tag-matching ops come first and the odd-numbered slots
+	 * are for OR_SKIP ops.
+	 */
+#define ASN1_OP_MATCH__SKIP		  0x01
+#define ASN1_OP_MATCH__ACT		  0x02
+#define ASN1_OP_MATCH__JUMP		  0x04
+#define ASN1_OP_MATCH__ANY		  0x08
+#define ASN1_OP_MATCH__COND		  0x10
+
+	ASN1_OP_MATCH			= 0x00,
+	ASN1_OP_MATCH_OR_SKIP		= 0x01,
+	ASN1_OP_MATCH_ACT		= 0x02,
+	ASN1_OP_MATCH_ACT_OR_SKIP	= 0x03,
+	ASN1_OP_MATCH_JUMP		= 0x04,
+	ASN1_OP_MATCH_JUMP_OR_SKIP	= 0x05,
+	ASN1_OP_MATCH_ANY		= 0x08,
+	ASN1_OP_MATCH_ANY_OR_SKIP	= 0x09,
+	ASN1_OP_MATCH_ANY_ACT		= 0x0a,
+	ASN1_OP_MATCH_ANY_ACT_OR_SKIP	= 0x0b,
+	/* Everything before here matches unconditionally */
+
+	ASN1_OP_COND_MATCH_OR_SKIP	= 0x11,
+	ASN1_OP_COND_MATCH_ACT_OR_SKIP	= 0x13,
+	ASN1_OP_COND_MATCH_JUMP_OR_SKIP	= 0x15,
+	ASN1_OP_COND_MATCH_ANY		= 0x18,
+	ASN1_OP_COND_MATCH_ANY_OR_SKIP	= 0x19,
+	ASN1_OP_COND_MATCH_ANY_ACT	= 0x1a,
+	ASN1_OP_COND_MATCH_ANY_ACT_OR_SKIP = 0x1b,
+
+	/* Everything before here will want a tag from the data */
+#define ASN1_OP__MATCHES_TAG ASN1_OP_COND_MATCH_ANY_ACT_OR_SKIP
+
+	/* These are here to help fill up space */
+	ASN1_OP_COND_FAIL		= 0x1c,
+	ASN1_OP_COMPLETE		= 0x1d,
+	ASN1_OP_ACT			= 0x1e,
+	ASN1_OP_MAYBE_ACT		= 0x1f,
+
+	/* The following eight have bit 0 -> SET, 1 -> OF, 2 -> ACT */
+	ASN1_OP_END_SEQ			= 0x20,
+	ASN1_OP_END_SET			= 0x21,
+	ASN1_OP_END_SEQ_OF		= 0x22,
+	ASN1_OP_END_SET_OF		= 0x23,
+	ASN1_OP_END_SEQ_ACT		= 0x24,
+	ASN1_OP_END_SET_ACT		= 0x25,
+	ASN1_OP_END_SEQ_OF_ACT		= 0x26,
+	ASN1_OP_END_SET_OF_ACT		= 0x27,
+#define ASN1_OP_END__SET		  0x01
+#define ASN1_OP_END__OF			  0x02
+#define ASN1_OP_END__ACT		  0x04
+
+	ASN1_OP_RETURN			= 0x28,
+
+	ASN1_OP__NR
+};
+
+#define _tag(CLASS, CP, TAG) ((ASN1_##CLASS << 6) | (ASN1_##CP << 5) | ASN1_##TAG)
+#define _tagn(CLASS, CP, TAG) ((ASN1_##CLASS << 6) | (ASN1_##CP << 5) | TAG)
+#define _jump_target(N) (N)
+#define _action(N) (N)
+
+#endif /* _LINUX_ASN1_BER_BYTECODE_H */
diff --git a/include/linux/asn1_decoder.h b/include/linux/asn1_decoder.h
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83f9c6e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/include/linux/asn1_decoder.h
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/* SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later */
+/* ASN.1 decoder
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 Red Hat, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Written by David Howells (dhowells@redhat.com)
+ */
+
+#ifndef _LINUX_ASN1_DECODER_H
+#define _LINUX_ASN1_DECODER_H
+
+#include <linux/asn1.h>
+
+struct asn1_decoder;
+
+extern int asn1_ber_decoder(const struct asn1_decoder *decoder,
+			    void *context,
+			    const unsigned char *data,
+			    size_t datalen);
+
+#endif /* _LINUX_ASN1_DECODER_H */
diff --git a/lib/Kconfig b/lib/Kconfig
index 2c018cb..499470c 100644
--- a/lib/Kconfig
+++ b/lib/Kconfig
@@ -566,6 +566,9 @@
 
 endmenu
 
+config ASN1_COMPILER
+	bool
+
 source lib/efi/Kconfig
 source lib/efi_loader/Kconfig
 source lib/optee/Kconfig
diff --git a/scripts/Makefile.build b/scripts/Makefile.build
index f7a0412..26eb701 100644
--- a/scripts/Makefile.build
+++ b/scripts/Makefile.build
@@ -328,10 +328,10 @@
 # ASN.1 grammar
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 quiet_cmd_asn1_compiler = ASN.1   $@
-      cmd_asn1_compiler = $(objtree)/scripts/asn1_compiler $< \
+      cmd_asn1_compiler = $(objtree)/tools/asn1_compiler $< \
 				$(subst .h,.c,$@) $(subst .c,.h,$@)
 
-$(obj)/%-asn1.c $(obj)/%-asn1.h: $(src)/%.asn1 $(objtree)/scripts/asn1_compiler
+$(obj)/%.asn1.c $(obj)/%.asn1.h: $(src)/%.asn1 $(objtree)/tools/asn1_compiler
 	$(call cmd,asn1_compiler)
 
 # Build the compiled-in targets
diff --git a/tools/Makefile b/tools/Makefile
index 24581ad..345bc84 100644
--- a/tools/Makefile
+++ b/tools/Makefile
@@ -207,6 +207,9 @@
 
 hostprogs-$(CONFIG_MIPS) += mips-relocs
 
+hostprogs-$(CONFIG_ASN1_COMPILER)	+= asn1_compiler
+HOSTCFLAGS_asn1_compiler.o = -idirafter $(srctree)/include
+
 # We build some files with extra pedantic flags to try to minimize things
 # that won't build on some weird host compiler -- though there are lots of
 # exceptions for files that aren't complaint.
diff --git a/tools/asn1_compiler.c b/tools/asn1_compiler.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..adabd41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tools/asn1_compiler.c
@@ -0,0 +1,1611 @@
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
+/* Simplified ASN.1 notation parser
+ *
+ * Copyright (C) 2012 Red Hat, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+ * Written by David Howells (dhowells@redhat.com)
+ */
+
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdbool.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <linux/asn1_ber_bytecode.h>
+
+enum token_type {
+	DIRECTIVE_ABSENT,
+	DIRECTIVE_ALL,
+	DIRECTIVE_ANY,
+	DIRECTIVE_APPLICATION,
+	DIRECTIVE_AUTOMATIC,
+	DIRECTIVE_BEGIN,
+	DIRECTIVE_BIT,
+	DIRECTIVE_BMPString,
+	DIRECTIVE_BOOLEAN,
+	DIRECTIVE_BY,
+	DIRECTIVE_CHARACTER,
+	DIRECTIVE_CHOICE,
+	DIRECTIVE_CLASS,
+	DIRECTIVE_COMPONENT,
+	DIRECTIVE_COMPONENTS,
+	DIRECTIVE_CONSTRAINED,
+	DIRECTIVE_CONTAINING,
+	DIRECTIVE_DEFAULT,
+	DIRECTIVE_DEFINED,
+	DIRECTIVE_DEFINITIONS,
+	DIRECTIVE_EMBEDDED,
+	DIRECTIVE_ENCODED,
+	DIRECTIVE_ENCODING_CONTROL,
+	DIRECTIVE_END,
+	DIRECTIVE_ENUMERATED,
+	DIRECTIVE_EXCEPT,
+	DIRECTIVE_EXPLICIT,
+	DIRECTIVE_EXPORTS,
+	DIRECTIVE_EXTENSIBILITY,
+	DIRECTIVE_EXTERNAL,
+	DIRECTIVE_FALSE,
+	DIRECTIVE_FROM,
+	DIRECTIVE_GeneralString,
+	DIRECTIVE_GeneralizedTime,
+	DIRECTIVE_GraphicString,
+	DIRECTIVE_IA5String,
+	DIRECTIVE_IDENTIFIER,
+	DIRECTIVE_IMPLICIT,
+	DIRECTIVE_IMPLIED,
+	DIRECTIVE_IMPORTS,
+	DIRECTIVE_INCLUDES,
+	DIRECTIVE_INSTANCE,
+	DIRECTIVE_INSTRUCTIONS,
+	DIRECTIVE_INTEGER,
+	DIRECTIVE_INTERSECTION,
+	DIRECTIVE_ISO646String,
+	DIRECTIVE_MAX,
+	DIRECTIVE_MIN,
+	DIRECTIVE_MINUS_INFINITY,
+	DIRECTIVE_NULL,
+	DIRECTIVE_NumericString,
+	DIRECTIVE_OBJECT,
+	DIRECTIVE_OCTET,
+	DIRECTIVE_OF,
+	DIRECTIVE_OPTIONAL,
+	DIRECTIVE_ObjectDescriptor,
+	DIRECTIVE_PATTERN,
+	DIRECTIVE_PDV,
+	DIRECTIVE_PLUS_INFINITY,
+	DIRECTIVE_PRESENT,
+	DIRECTIVE_PRIVATE,
+	DIRECTIVE_PrintableString,
+	DIRECTIVE_REAL,
+	DIRECTIVE_RELATIVE_OID,
+	DIRECTIVE_SEQUENCE,
+	DIRECTIVE_SET,
+	DIRECTIVE_SIZE,
+	DIRECTIVE_STRING,
+	DIRECTIVE_SYNTAX,
+	DIRECTIVE_T61String,
+	DIRECTIVE_TAGS,
+	DIRECTIVE_TRUE,
+	DIRECTIVE_TeletexString,
+	DIRECTIVE_UNION,
+	DIRECTIVE_UNIQUE,
+	DIRECTIVE_UNIVERSAL,
+	DIRECTIVE_UTCTime,
+	DIRECTIVE_UTF8String,
+	DIRECTIVE_UniversalString,
+	DIRECTIVE_VideotexString,
+	DIRECTIVE_VisibleString,
+	DIRECTIVE_WITH,
+	NR__DIRECTIVES,
+	TOKEN_ASSIGNMENT = NR__DIRECTIVES,
+	TOKEN_OPEN_CURLY,
+	TOKEN_CLOSE_CURLY,
+	TOKEN_OPEN_SQUARE,
+	TOKEN_CLOSE_SQUARE,
+	TOKEN_OPEN_ACTION,
+	TOKEN_CLOSE_ACTION,
+	TOKEN_COMMA,
+	TOKEN_NUMBER,
+	TOKEN_TYPE_NAME,
+	TOKEN_ELEMENT_NAME,
+	NR__TOKENS
+};
+
+static const unsigned char token_to_tag[NR__TOKENS] = {
+	/* EOC goes first */
+	[DIRECTIVE_BOOLEAN]		= ASN1_BOOL,
+	[DIRECTIVE_INTEGER]		= ASN1_INT,
+	[DIRECTIVE_BIT]			= ASN1_BTS,
+	[DIRECTIVE_OCTET]		= ASN1_OTS,
+	[DIRECTIVE_NULL]		= ASN1_NULL,
+	[DIRECTIVE_OBJECT]		= ASN1_OID,
+	[DIRECTIVE_ObjectDescriptor]	= ASN1_ODE,
+	[DIRECTIVE_EXTERNAL]		= ASN1_EXT,
+	[DIRECTIVE_REAL]		= ASN1_REAL,
+	[DIRECTIVE_ENUMERATED]		= ASN1_ENUM,
+	[DIRECTIVE_EMBEDDED]		= 0,
+	[DIRECTIVE_UTF8String]		= ASN1_UTF8STR,
+	[DIRECTIVE_RELATIVE_OID]	= ASN1_RELOID,
+	/* 14 */
+	/* 15 */
+	[DIRECTIVE_SEQUENCE]		= ASN1_SEQ,
+	[DIRECTIVE_SET]			= ASN1_SET,
+	[DIRECTIVE_NumericString]	= ASN1_NUMSTR,
+	[DIRECTIVE_PrintableString]	= ASN1_PRNSTR,
+	[DIRECTIVE_T61String]		= ASN1_TEXSTR,
+	[DIRECTIVE_TeletexString]	= ASN1_TEXSTR,
+	[DIRECTIVE_VideotexString]	= ASN1_VIDSTR,
+	[DIRECTIVE_IA5String]		= ASN1_IA5STR,
+	[DIRECTIVE_UTCTime]		= ASN1_UNITIM,
+	[DIRECTIVE_GeneralizedTime]	= ASN1_GENTIM,
+	[DIRECTIVE_GraphicString]	= ASN1_GRASTR,
+	[DIRECTIVE_VisibleString]	= ASN1_VISSTR,
+	[DIRECTIVE_GeneralString]	= ASN1_GENSTR,
+	[DIRECTIVE_UniversalString]	= ASN1_UNITIM,
+	[DIRECTIVE_CHARACTER]		= ASN1_CHRSTR,
+	[DIRECTIVE_BMPString]		= ASN1_BMPSTR,
+};
+
+static const char asn1_classes[4][5] = {
+	[ASN1_UNIV]	= "UNIV",
+	[ASN1_APPL]	= "APPL",
+	[ASN1_CONT]	= "CONT",
+	[ASN1_PRIV]	= "PRIV"
+};
+
+static const char asn1_methods[2][5] = {
+	[ASN1_UNIV]	= "PRIM",
+	[ASN1_APPL]	= "CONS"
+};
+
+static const char *const asn1_universal_tags[32] = {
+	"EOC",
+	"BOOL",
+	"INT",
+	"BTS",
+	"OTS",
+	"NULL",
+	"OID",
+	"ODE",
+	"EXT",
+	"REAL",
+	"ENUM",
+	"EPDV",
+	"UTF8STR",
+	"RELOID",
+	NULL,		/* 14 */
+	NULL,		/* 15 */
+	"SEQ",
+	"SET",
+	"NUMSTR",
+	"PRNSTR",
+	"TEXSTR",
+	"VIDSTR",
+	"IA5STR",
+	"UNITIM",
+	"GENTIM",
+	"GRASTR",
+	"VISSTR",
+	"GENSTR",
+	"UNISTR",
+	"CHRSTR",
+	"BMPSTR",
+	NULL		/* 31 */
+};
+
+static const char *filename;
+static const char *grammar_name;
+static const char *outputname;
+static const char *headername;
+
+static const char *const directives[NR__DIRECTIVES] = {
+#define _(X) [DIRECTIVE_##X] = #X
+	_(ABSENT),
+	_(ALL),
+	_(ANY),
+	_(APPLICATION),
+	_(AUTOMATIC),
+	_(BEGIN),
+	_(BIT),
+	_(BMPString),
+	_(BOOLEAN),
+	_(BY),
+	_(CHARACTER),
+	_(CHOICE),
+	_(CLASS),
+	_(COMPONENT),
+	_(COMPONENTS),
+	_(CONSTRAINED),
+	_(CONTAINING),
+	_(DEFAULT),
+	_(DEFINED),
+	_(DEFINITIONS),
+	_(EMBEDDED),
+	_(ENCODED),
+	[DIRECTIVE_ENCODING_CONTROL] = "ENCODING-CONTROL",
+	_(END),
+	_(ENUMERATED),
+	_(EXCEPT),
+	_(EXPLICIT),
+	_(EXPORTS),
+	_(EXTENSIBILITY),
+	_(EXTERNAL),
+	_(FALSE),
+	_(FROM),
+	_(GeneralString),
+	_(GeneralizedTime),
+	_(GraphicString),
+	_(IA5String),
+	_(IDENTIFIER),
+	_(IMPLICIT),
+	_(IMPLIED),
+	_(IMPORTS),
+	_(INCLUDES),
+	_(INSTANCE),
+	_(INSTRUCTIONS),
+	_(INTEGER),
+	_(INTERSECTION),
+	_(ISO646String),
+	_(MAX),
+	_(MIN),
+	[DIRECTIVE_MINUS_INFINITY] = "MINUS-INFINITY",
+	[DIRECTIVE_NULL] = "NULL",
+	_(NumericString),
+	_(OBJECT),
+	_(OCTET),
+	_(OF),
+	_(OPTIONAL),
+	_(ObjectDescriptor),
+	_(PATTERN),
+	_(PDV),
+	[DIRECTIVE_PLUS_INFINITY] = "PLUS-INFINITY",
+	_(PRESENT),
+	_(PRIVATE),
+	_(PrintableString),
+	_(REAL),
+	[DIRECTIVE_RELATIVE_OID] = "RELATIVE-OID",
+	_(SEQUENCE),
+	_(SET),
+	_(SIZE),
+	_(STRING),
+	_(SYNTAX),
+	_(T61String),
+	_(TAGS),
+	_(TRUE),
+	_(TeletexString),
+	_(UNION),
+	_(UNIQUE),
+	_(UNIVERSAL),
+	_(UTCTime),
+	_(UTF8String),
+	_(UniversalString),
+	_(VideotexString),
+	_(VisibleString),
+	_(WITH)
+};
+
+struct action {
+	struct action	*next;
+	char		*name;
+	unsigned char	index;
+};
+
+static struct action *action_list;
+static unsigned nr_actions;
+
+struct token {
+	unsigned short	line;
+	enum token_type	token_type : 8;
+	unsigned char	size;
+	struct action	*action;
+	char		*content;
+	struct type	*type;
+};
+
+static struct token *token_list;
+static unsigned nr_tokens;
+static bool verbose_opt;
+static bool debug_opt;
+
+#define verbose(fmt, ...) do { if (verbose_opt) printf(fmt, ## __VA_ARGS__); } while (0)
+#define debug(fmt, ...) do { if (debug_opt) printf(fmt, ## __VA_ARGS__); } while (0)
+
+static int directive_compare(const void *_key, const void *_pdir)
+{
+	const struct token *token = _key;
+	const char *const *pdir = _pdir, *dir = *pdir;
+	size_t dlen, clen;
+	int val;
+
+	dlen = strlen(dir);
+	clen = (dlen < token->size) ? dlen : token->size;
+
+	//debug("cmp(%s,%s) = ", token->content, dir);
+
+	val = memcmp(token->content, dir, clen);
+	if (val != 0) {
+		//debug("%d [cmp]\n", val);
+		return val;
+	}
+
+	if (dlen == token->size) {
+		//debug("0\n");
+		return 0;
+	}
+	//debug("%d\n", (int)dlen - (int)token->size);
+	return dlen - token->size; /* shorter -> negative */
+}
+
+/*
+ * Tokenise an ASN.1 grammar
+ */
+static void tokenise(char *buffer, char *end)
+{
+	struct token *tokens;
+	char *line, *nl, *start, *p, *q;
+	unsigned tix, lineno;
+
+	/* Assume we're going to have half as many tokens as we have
+	 * characters
+	 */
+	token_list = tokens = calloc((end - buffer) / 2, sizeof(struct token));
+	if (!tokens) {
+		perror(NULL);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	tix = 0;
+
+	lineno = 0;
+	while (buffer < end) {
+		/* First of all, break out a line */
+		lineno++;
+		line = buffer;
+		nl = memchr(line, '\n', end - buffer);
+		if (!nl) {
+			buffer = nl = end;
+		} else {
+			buffer = nl + 1;
+			*nl = '\0';
+		}
+
+		/* Remove "--" comments */
+		p = line;
+	next_comment:
+		while ((p = memchr(p, '-', nl - p))) {
+			if (p[1] == '-') {
+				/* Found a comment; see if there's a terminator */
+				q = p + 2;
+				while ((q = memchr(q, '-', nl - q))) {
+					if (q[1] == '-') {
+						/* There is - excise the comment */
+						q += 2;
+						memmove(p, q, nl - q);
+						goto next_comment;
+					}
+					q++;
+				}
+				*p = '\0';
+				nl = p;
+				break;
+			} else {
+				p++;
+			}
+		}
+
+		p = line;
+		while (p < nl) {
+			/* Skip white space */
+			while (p < nl && isspace(*p))
+				*(p++) = 0;
+			if (p >= nl)
+				break;
+
+			tokens[tix].line = lineno;
+			start = p;
+
+			/* Handle string tokens */
+			if (isalpha(*p)) {
+				const char **dir;
+
+				/* Can be a directive, type name or element
+				 * name.  Find the end of the name.
+				 */
+				q = p + 1;
+				while (q < nl && (isalnum(*q) || *q == '-' || *q == '_'))
+					q++;
+				tokens[tix].size = q - p;
+				p = q;
+
+				tokens[tix].content = malloc(tokens[tix].size + 1);
+				if (!tokens[tix].content) {
+					perror(NULL);
+					exit(1);
+				}
+				memcpy(tokens[tix].content, start, tokens[tix].size);
+				tokens[tix].content[tokens[tix].size] = 0;
+				
+				/* If it begins with a lowercase letter then
+				 * it's an element name
+				 */
+				if (islower(tokens[tix].content[0])) {
+					tokens[tix++].token_type = TOKEN_ELEMENT_NAME;
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				/* Otherwise we need to search the directive
+				 * table
+				 */
+				dir = bsearch(&tokens[tix], directives,
+					      sizeof(directives) / sizeof(directives[1]),
+					      sizeof(directives[1]),
+					      directive_compare);
+				if (dir) {
+					tokens[tix++].token_type = dir - directives;
+					continue;
+				}
+
+				tokens[tix++].token_type = TOKEN_TYPE_NAME;
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			/* Handle numbers */
+			if (isdigit(*p)) {
+				/* Find the end of the number */
+				q = p + 1;
+				while (q < nl && (isdigit(*q)))
+					q++;
+				tokens[tix].size = q - p;
+				p = q;
+				tokens[tix].content = malloc(tokens[tix].size + 1);
+				if (!tokens[tix].content) {
+					perror(NULL);
+					exit(1);
+				}
+				memcpy(tokens[tix].content, start, tokens[tix].size);
+				tokens[tix].content[tokens[tix].size] = 0;
+				tokens[tix++].token_type = TOKEN_NUMBER;
+				continue;
+			}
+
+			if (nl - p >= 3) {
+				if (memcmp(p, "::=", 3) == 0) {
+					p += 3;
+					tokens[tix].size = 3;
+					tokens[tix].content = "::=";
+					tokens[tix++].token_type = TOKEN_ASSIGNMENT;
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (nl - p >= 2) {
+				if (memcmp(p, "({", 2) == 0) {
+					p += 2;
+					tokens[tix].size = 2;
+					tokens[tix].content = "({";
+					tokens[tix++].token_type = TOKEN_OPEN_ACTION;
+					continue;
+				}
+				if (memcmp(p, "})", 2) == 0) {
+					p += 2;
+					tokens[tix].size = 2;
+					tokens[tix].content = "})";
+					tokens[tix++].token_type = TOKEN_CLOSE_ACTION;
+					continue;
+				}
+			}
+
+			if (nl - p >= 1) {
+				tokens[tix].size = 1;
+				switch (*p) {
+				case '{':
+					p += 1;
+					tokens[tix].content = "{";
+					tokens[tix++].token_type = TOKEN_OPEN_CURLY;
+					continue;
+				case '}':
+					p += 1;
+					tokens[tix].content = "}";
+					tokens[tix++].token_type = TOKEN_CLOSE_CURLY;
+					continue;
+				case '[':
+					p += 1;
+					tokens[tix].content = "[";
+					tokens[tix++].token_type = TOKEN_OPEN_SQUARE;
+					continue;
+				case ']':
+					p += 1;
+					tokens[tix].content = "]";
+					tokens[tix++].token_type = TOKEN_CLOSE_SQUARE;
+					continue;
+				case ',':
+					p += 1;
+					tokens[tix].content = ",";
+					tokens[tix++].token_type = TOKEN_COMMA;
+					continue;
+				default:
+					break;
+				}
+			}
+
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%u: Unknown character in grammar: '%c'\n",
+				filename, lineno, *p);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+	}
+
+	nr_tokens = tix;
+	verbose("Extracted %u tokens\n", nr_tokens);
+
+#if 0
+	{
+		int n;
+		for (n = 0; n < nr_tokens; n++)
+			debug("Token %3u: '%s'\n", n, token_list[n].content);
+	}
+#endif
+}
+
+static void build_type_list(void);
+static void parse(void);
+static void dump_elements(void);
+static void render(FILE *out, FILE *hdr);
+
+/*
+ *
+ */
+int main(int argc, char **argv)
+{
+	struct stat st;
+	ssize_t readlen;
+	FILE *out, *hdr;
+	char *buffer, *p;
+	char *kbuild_verbose;
+	int fd;
+
+	kbuild_verbose = getenv("KBUILD_VERBOSE");
+	if (kbuild_verbose)
+		verbose_opt = atoi(kbuild_verbose);
+
+	while (argc > 4) {
+		if (strcmp(argv[1], "-v") == 0)
+			verbose_opt = true;
+		else if (strcmp(argv[1], "-d") == 0)
+			debug_opt = true;
+		else
+			break;
+		memmove(&argv[1], &argv[2], (argc - 2) * sizeof(char *));
+		argc--;
+	}
+
+	if (argc != 4) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "Format: %s [-v] [-d] <grammar-file> <c-file> <hdr-file>\n",
+			argv[0]);
+		exit(2);
+	}
+
+	filename = argv[1];
+	outputname = argv[2];
+	headername = argv[3];
+
+	fd = open(filename, O_RDONLY);
+	if (fd < 0) {
+		perror(filename);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	if (fstat(fd, &st) < 0) {
+		perror(filename);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	if (!(buffer = malloc(st.st_size + 1))) {
+		perror(NULL);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	if ((readlen = read(fd, buffer, st.st_size)) < 0) {
+		perror(filename);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	if (close(fd) < 0) {
+		perror(filename);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	if (readlen != st.st_size) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s: Short read\n", filename);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	p = strrchr(argv[1], '/');
+	p = p ? p + 1 : argv[1];
+	grammar_name = strdup(p);
+	if (!p) {
+		perror(NULL);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	p = strchr(grammar_name, '.');
+	if (p)
+		*p = '\0';
+
+	buffer[readlen] = 0;
+	tokenise(buffer, buffer + readlen);
+	build_type_list();
+	parse();
+	dump_elements();
+
+	out = fopen(outputname, "w");
+	if (!out) {
+		perror(outputname);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	hdr = fopen(headername, "w");
+	if (!hdr) {
+		perror(headername);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	render(out, hdr);
+
+	if (fclose(out) < 0) {
+		perror(outputname);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	if (fclose(hdr) < 0) {
+		perror(headername);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+enum compound {
+	NOT_COMPOUND,
+	SET,
+	SET_OF,
+	SEQUENCE,
+	SEQUENCE_OF,
+	CHOICE,
+	ANY,
+	TYPE_REF,
+	TAG_OVERRIDE
+};
+
+struct element {
+	struct type	*type_def;
+	struct token	*name;
+	struct token	*type;
+	struct action	*action;
+	struct element	*children;
+	struct element	*next;
+	struct element	*render_next;
+	struct element	*list_next;
+	uint8_t		n_elements;
+	enum compound	compound : 8;
+	enum asn1_class	class : 8;
+	enum asn1_method method : 8;
+	uint8_t		tag;
+	unsigned	entry_index;
+	unsigned	flags;
+#define ELEMENT_IMPLICIT	0x0001
+#define ELEMENT_EXPLICIT	0x0002
+#define ELEMENT_TAG_SPECIFIED	0x0004
+#define ELEMENT_RENDERED	0x0008
+#define ELEMENT_SKIPPABLE	0x0010
+#define ELEMENT_CONDITIONAL	0x0020
+};
+
+struct type {
+	struct token	*name;
+	struct token	*def;
+	struct element	*element;
+	unsigned	ref_count;
+	unsigned	flags;
+#define TYPE_STOP_MARKER	0x0001
+#define TYPE_BEGIN		0x0002
+};
+
+static struct type *type_list;
+static struct type **type_index;
+static unsigned nr_types;
+
+static int type_index_compare(const void *_a, const void *_b)
+{
+	const struct type *const *a = _a, *const *b = _b;
+
+	if ((*a)->name->size != (*b)->name->size)
+		return (*a)->name->size - (*b)->name->size;
+	else
+		return memcmp((*a)->name->content, (*b)->name->content,
+			      (*a)->name->size);
+}
+
+static int type_finder(const void *_key, const void *_ti)
+{
+	const struct token *token = _key;
+	const struct type *const *ti = _ti;
+	const struct type *type = *ti;
+
+	if (token->size != type->name->size)
+		return token->size - type->name->size;
+	else
+		return memcmp(token->content, type->name->content,
+			      token->size);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Build up a list of types and a sorted index to that list.
+ */
+static void build_type_list(void)
+{
+	struct type *types;
+	unsigned nr, t, n;
+
+	nr = 0;
+	for (n = 0; n < nr_tokens - 1; n++)
+		if (token_list[n + 0].token_type == TOKEN_TYPE_NAME &&
+		    token_list[n + 1].token_type == TOKEN_ASSIGNMENT)
+			nr++;
+
+	if (nr == 0) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s: No defined types\n", filename);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	nr_types = nr;
+	types = type_list = calloc(nr + 1, sizeof(type_list[0]));
+	if (!type_list) {
+		perror(NULL);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	type_index = calloc(nr, sizeof(type_index[0]));
+	if (!type_index) {
+		perror(NULL);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	t = 0;
+	types[t].flags |= TYPE_BEGIN;
+	for (n = 0; n < nr_tokens - 1; n++) {
+		if (token_list[n + 0].token_type == TOKEN_TYPE_NAME &&
+		    token_list[n + 1].token_type == TOKEN_ASSIGNMENT) {
+			types[t].name = &token_list[n];
+			type_index[t] = &types[t];
+			t++;
+		}
+	}
+	types[t].name = &token_list[n + 1];
+	types[t].flags |= TYPE_STOP_MARKER;
+
+	qsort(type_index, nr, sizeof(type_index[0]), type_index_compare);
+
+	verbose("Extracted %u types\n", nr_types);
+#if 0
+	for (n = 0; n < nr_types; n++) {
+		struct type *type = type_index[n];
+		debug("- %*.*s\n", type->name->content);
+	}
+#endif
+}
+
+static struct element *parse_type(struct token **_cursor, struct token *stop,
+				  struct token *name);
+
+/*
+ * Parse the token stream
+ */
+static void parse(void)
+{
+	struct token *cursor;
+	struct type *type;
+
+	/* Parse one type definition statement at a time */
+	type = type_list;
+	do {
+		cursor = type->name;
+
+		if (cursor[0].token_type != TOKEN_TYPE_NAME ||
+		    cursor[1].token_type != TOKEN_ASSIGNMENT)
+			abort();
+		cursor += 2;
+
+		type->element = parse_type(&cursor, type[1].name, NULL);
+		type->element->type_def = type;
+
+		if (cursor != type[1].name) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Parse error at token '%s'\n",
+				filename, cursor->line, cursor->content);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+
+	} while (type++, !(type->flags & TYPE_STOP_MARKER));
+
+	verbose("Extracted %u actions\n", nr_actions);
+}
+
+static struct element *element_list;
+
+static struct element *alloc_elem(struct token *type)
+{
+	struct element *e = calloc(1, sizeof(*e));
+	if (!e) {
+		perror(NULL);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	e->list_next = element_list;
+	element_list = e;
+	return e;
+}
+
+static struct element *parse_compound(struct token **_cursor, struct token *end,
+				      int alternates);
+
+/*
+ * Parse one type definition statement
+ */
+static struct element *parse_type(struct token **_cursor, struct token *end,
+				  struct token *name)
+{
+	struct element *top, *element;
+	struct action *action, **ppaction;
+	struct token *cursor = *_cursor;
+	struct type **ref;
+	char *p;
+	int labelled = 0, implicit = 0;
+
+	top = element = alloc_elem(cursor);
+	element->class = ASN1_UNIV;
+	element->method = ASN1_PRIM;
+	element->tag = token_to_tag[cursor->token_type];
+	element->name = name;
+
+	/* Extract the tag value if one given */
+	if (cursor->token_type == TOKEN_OPEN_SQUARE) {
+		cursor++;
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+		switch (cursor->token_type) {
+		case DIRECTIVE_UNIVERSAL:
+			element->class = ASN1_UNIV;
+			cursor++;
+			break;
+		case DIRECTIVE_APPLICATION:
+			element->class = ASN1_APPL;
+			cursor++;
+			break;
+		case TOKEN_NUMBER:
+			element->class = ASN1_CONT;
+			break;
+		case DIRECTIVE_PRIVATE:
+			element->class = ASN1_PRIV;
+			cursor++;
+			break;
+		default:
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Unrecognised tag class token '%s'\n",
+				filename, cursor->line, cursor->content);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+		if (cursor->token_type != TOKEN_NUMBER) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Missing tag number '%s'\n",
+				filename, cursor->line, cursor->content);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+
+		element->tag &= ~0x1f;
+		element->tag |= strtoul(cursor->content, &p, 10);
+		element->flags |= ELEMENT_TAG_SPECIFIED;
+		if (p - cursor->content != cursor->size)
+			abort();
+		cursor++;
+
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+		if (cursor->token_type != TOKEN_CLOSE_SQUARE) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Missing closing square bracket '%s'\n",
+				filename, cursor->line, cursor->content);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		cursor++;
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+		labelled = 1;
+	}
+
+	/* Handle implicit and explicit markers */
+	if (cursor->token_type == DIRECTIVE_IMPLICIT) {
+		element->flags |= ELEMENT_IMPLICIT;
+		implicit = 1;
+		cursor++;
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+	} else if (cursor->token_type == DIRECTIVE_EXPLICIT) {
+		element->flags |= ELEMENT_EXPLICIT;
+		cursor++;
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+	}
+
+	if (labelled) {
+		if (!implicit)
+			element->method |= ASN1_CONS;
+		element->compound = implicit ? TAG_OVERRIDE : SEQUENCE;
+		element->children = alloc_elem(cursor);
+		element = element->children;
+		element->class = ASN1_UNIV;
+		element->method = ASN1_PRIM;
+		element->tag = token_to_tag[cursor->token_type];
+		element->name = name;
+	}
+
+	/* Extract the type we're expecting here */
+	element->type = cursor;
+	switch (cursor->token_type) {
+	case DIRECTIVE_ANY:
+		element->compound = ANY;
+		cursor++;
+		break;
+
+	case DIRECTIVE_NULL:
+	case DIRECTIVE_BOOLEAN:
+	case DIRECTIVE_ENUMERATED:
+	case DIRECTIVE_INTEGER:
+		element->compound = NOT_COMPOUND;
+		cursor++;
+		break;
+
+	case DIRECTIVE_EXTERNAL:
+		element->method = ASN1_CONS;
+
+	case DIRECTIVE_BMPString:
+	case DIRECTIVE_GeneralString:
+	case DIRECTIVE_GraphicString:
+	case DIRECTIVE_IA5String:
+	case DIRECTIVE_ISO646String:
+	case DIRECTIVE_NumericString:
+	case DIRECTIVE_PrintableString:
+	case DIRECTIVE_T61String:
+	case DIRECTIVE_TeletexString:
+	case DIRECTIVE_UniversalString:
+	case DIRECTIVE_UTF8String:
+	case DIRECTIVE_VideotexString:
+	case DIRECTIVE_VisibleString:
+	case DIRECTIVE_ObjectDescriptor:
+	case DIRECTIVE_GeneralizedTime:
+	case DIRECTIVE_UTCTime:
+		element->compound = NOT_COMPOUND;
+		cursor++;
+		break;
+
+	case DIRECTIVE_BIT:
+	case DIRECTIVE_OCTET:
+		element->compound = NOT_COMPOUND;
+		cursor++;
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+		if (cursor->token_type != DIRECTIVE_STRING)
+			goto parse_error;
+		cursor++;
+		break;
+
+	case DIRECTIVE_OBJECT:
+		element->compound = NOT_COMPOUND;
+		cursor++;
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+		if (cursor->token_type != DIRECTIVE_IDENTIFIER)
+			goto parse_error;
+		cursor++;
+		break;
+
+	case TOKEN_TYPE_NAME:
+		element->compound = TYPE_REF;
+		ref = bsearch(cursor, type_index, nr_types, sizeof(type_index[0]),
+			      type_finder);
+		if (!ref) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Type '%s' undefined\n",
+				filename, cursor->line, cursor->content);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		cursor->type = *ref;
+		(*ref)->ref_count++;
+		cursor++;
+		break;
+
+	case DIRECTIVE_CHOICE:
+		element->compound = CHOICE;
+		cursor++;
+		element->children = parse_compound(&cursor, end, 1);
+		break;
+
+	case DIRECTIVE_SEQUENCE:
+		element->compound = SEQUENCE;
+		element->method = ASN1_CONS;
+		cursor++;
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+		if (cursor->token_type == DIRECTIVE_OF) {
+			element->compound = SEQUENCE_OF;
+			cursor++;
+			if (cursor >= end)
+				goto overrun_error;
+			element->children = parse_type(&cursor, end, NULL);
+		} else {
+			element->children = parse_compound(&cursor, end, 0);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case DIRECTIVE_SET:
+		element->compound = SET;
+		element->method = ASN1_CONS;
+		cursor++;
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+		if (cursor->token_type == DIRECTIVE_OF) {
+			element->compound = SET_OF;
+			cursor++;
+			if (cursor >= end)
+				goto parse_error;
+			element->children = parse_type(&cursor, end, NULL);
+		} else {
+			element->children = parse_compound(&cursor, end, 1);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Token '%s' does not introduce a type\n",
+			filename, cursor->line, cursor->content);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	/* Handle elements that are optional */
+	if (cursor < end && (cursor->token_type == DIRECTIVE_OPTIONAL ||
+			     cursor->token_type == DIRECTIVE_DEFAULT)
+	    ) {
+		cursor++;
+		top->flags |= ELEMENT_SKIPPABLE;
+	}
+
+	if (cursor < end && cursor->token_type == TOKEN_OPEN_ACTION) {
+		cursor++;
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+		if (cursor->token_type != TOKEN_ELEMENT_NAME) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Token '%s' is not an action function name\n",
+				filename, cursor->line, cursor->content);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+
+		action = malloc(sizeof(struct action));
+		if (!action) {
+			perror(NULL);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		action->index = 0;
+		action->name = cursor->content;
+
+		for (ppaction = &action_list;
+		     *ppaction;
+		     ppaction = &(*ppaction)->next
+		     ) {
+			int cmp = strcmp(action->name, (*ppaction)->name);
+			if (cmp == 0) {
+				free(action);
+				action = *ppaction;
+				goto found;
+			}
+			if (cmp < 0) {
+				action->next = *ppaction;
+				*ppaction = action;
+				nr_actions++;
+				goto found;
+			}
+		}
+		action->next = NULL;
+		*ppaction = action;
+		nr_actions++;
+	found:
+
+		element->action = action;
+		cursor->action = action;
+		cursor++;
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+		if (cursor->token_type != TOKEN_CLOSE_ACTION) {
+			fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Missing close action, got '%s'\n",
+				filename, cursor->line, cursor->content);
+			exit(1);
+		}
+		cursor++;
+	}
+
+	*_cursor = cursor;
+	return top;
+
+parse_error:
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Unexpected token '%s'\n",
+		filename, cursor->line, cursor->content);
+	exit(1);
+
+overrun_error:
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s: Unexpectedly hit EOF\n", filename);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse a compound type list
+ */
+static struct element *parse_compound(struct token **_cursor, struct token *end,
+				      int alternates)
+{
+	struct element *children, **child_p = &children, *element;
+	struct token *cursor = *_cursor, *name;
+
+	if (cursor->token_type != TOKEN_OPEN_CURLY) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Expected compound to start with brace not '%s'\n",
+			filename, cursor->line, cursor->content);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	cursor++;
+	if (cursor >= end)
+		goto overrun_error;
+
+	if (cursor->token_type == TOKEN_OPEN_CURLY) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Empty compound\n",
+			filename, cursor->line);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	for (;;) {
+		name = NULL;
+		if (cursor->token_type == TOKEN_ELEMENT_NAME) {
+			name = cursor;
+			cursor++;
+			if (cursor >= end)
+				goto overrun_error;
+		}
+
+		element = parse_type(&cursor, end, name);
+		if (alternates)
+			element->flags |= ELEMENT_SKIPPABLE | ELEMENT_CONDITIONAL;
+
+		*child_p = element;
+		child_p = &element->next;
+
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+		if (cursor->token_type != TOKEN_COMMA)
+			break;
+		cursor++;
+		if (cursor >= end)
+			goto overrun_error;
+	}
+
+	children->flags &= ~ELEMENT_CONDITIONAL;
+
+	if (cursor->token_type != TOKEN_CLOSE_CURLY) {
+		fprintf(stderr, "%s:%d: Expected compound closure, got '%s'\n",
+			filename, cursor->line, cursor->content);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+	cursor++;
+
+	*_cursor = cursor;
+	return children;
+
+overrun_error:
+	fprintf(stderr, "%s: Unexpectedly hit EOF\n", filename);
+	exit(1);
+}
+
+static void dump_element(const struct element *e, int level)
+{
+	const struct element *c;
+	const struct type *t = e->type_def;
+	const char *name = e->name ? e->name->content : ".";
+	const char *tname = t && t->name ? t->name->content : ".";
+	char tag[32];
+
+	if (e->class == 0 && e->method == 0 && e->tag == 0)
+		strcpy(tag, "<...>");
+	else if (e->class == ASN1_UNIV)
+		sprintf(tag, "%s %s %s",
+			asn1_classes[e->class],
+			asn1_methods[e->method],
+			asn1_universal_tags[e->tag]);
+	else
+		sprintf(tag, "%s %s %u",
+			asn1_classes[e->class],
+			asn1_methods[e->method],
+			e->tag);
+
+	printf("%c%c%c%c%c %c %*s[*] \e[33m%s\e[m %s %s \e[35m%s\e[m\n",
+	       e->flags & ELEMENT_IMPLICIT ? 'I' : '-',
+	       e->flags & ELEMENT_EXPLICIT ? 'E' : '-',
+	       e->flags & ELEMENT_TAG_SPECIFIED ? 'T' : '-',
+	       e->flags & ELEMENT_SKIPPABLE ? 'S' : '-',
+	       e->flags & ELEMENT_CONDITIONAL ? 'C' : '-',
+	       "-tTqQcaro"[e->compound],
+	       level, "",
+	       tag,
+	       tname,
+	       name,
+	       e->action ? e->action->name : "");
+	if (e->compound == TYPE_REF)
+		dump_element(e->type->type->element, level + 3);
+	else
+		for (c = e->children; c; c = c->next)
+			dump_element(c, level + 3);
+}
+
+static void dump_elements(void)
+{
+	if (debug_opt)
+		dump_element(type_list[0].element, 0);
+}
+
+static void render_element(FILE *out, struct element *e, struct element *tag);
+static void render_out_of_line_list(FILE *out);
+
+static int nr_entries;
+static int render_depth = 1;
+static struct element *render_list, **render_list_p = &render_list;
+
+__attribute__((format(printf, 2, 3)))
+static void render_opcode(FILE *out, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list va;
+
+	if (out) {
+		fprintf(out, "\t[%4d] =%*s", nr_entries, render_depth, "");
+		va_start(va, fmt);
+		vfprintf(out, fmt, va);
+		va_end(va);
+	}
+	nr_entries++;
+}
+
+__attribute__((format(printf, 2, 3)))
+static void render_more(FILE *out, const char *fmt, ...)
+{
+	va_list va;
+
+	if (out) {
+		va_start(va, fmt);
+		vfprintf(out, fmt, va);
+		va_end(va);
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Render the grammar into a state machine definition.
+ */
+static void render(FILE *out, FILE *hdr)
+{
+	struct element *e;
+	struct action *action;
+	struct type *root;
+	int index;
+
+	fprintf(hdr, "/*\n");
+	fprintf(hdr, " * Automatically generated by asn1_compiler.  Do not edit\n");
+	fprintf(hdr, " *\n");
+	fprintf(hdr, " * ASN.1 parser for %s\n", grammar_name);
+	fprintf(hdr, " */\n");
+	fprintf(hdr, "#include <linux/asn1_decoder.h>\n");
+	fprintf(hdr, "\n");
+	fprintf(hdr, "extern const struct asn1_decoder %s_decoder;\n", grammar_name);
+	if (ferror(hdr)) {
+		perror(headername);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	fprintf(out, "/*\n");
+	fprintf(out, " * Automatically generated by asn1_compiler.  Do not edit\n");
+	fprintf(out, " *\n");
+	fprintf(out, " * ASN.1 parser for %s\n", grammar_name);
+	fprintf(out, " */\n");
+	fprintf(out, "#include <linux/asn1_ber_bytecode.h>\n");
+	fprintf(out, "#include \"%s.asn1.h\"\n", grammar_name);
+	fprintf(out, "\n");
+	if (ferror(out)) {
+		perror(outputname);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	/* Tabulate the action functions we might have to call */
+	fprintf(hdr, "\n");
+	index = 0;
+	for (action = action_list; action; action = action->next) {
+		action->index = index++;
+		fprintf(hdr,
+			"extern int %s(void *, size_t, unsigned char,"
+			" const void *, size_t);\n",
+			action->name);
+	}
+	fprintf(hdr, "\n");
+
+	fprintf(out, "enum %s_actions {\n", grammar_name);
+	for (action = action_list; action; action = action->next)
+		fprintf(out, "\tACT_%s = %u,\n",
+			action->name, action->index);
+	fprintf(out, "\tNR__%s_actions = %u\n", grammar_name, nr_actions);
+	fprintf(out, "};\n");
+
+	fprintf(out, "\n");
+	fprintf(out, "static const asn1_action_t %s_action_table[NR__%s_actions] = {\n",
+		grammar_name, grammar_name);
+	for (action = action_list; action; action = action->next)
+		fprintf(out, "\t[%4u] = %s,\n", action->index, action->name);
+	fprintf(out, "};\n");
+
+	if (ferror(out)) {
+		perror(outputname);
+		exit(1);
+	}
+
+	/* We do two passes - the first one calculates all the offsets */
+	verbose("Pass 1\n");
+	nr_entries = 0;
+	root = &type_list[0];
+	render_element(NULL, root->element, NULL);
+	render_opcode(NULL, "ASN1_OP_COMPLETE,\n");
+	render_out_of_line_list(NULL);
+
+	for (e = element_list; e; e = e->list_next)
+		e->flags &= ~ELEMENT_RENDERED;
+
+	/* And then we actually render */
+	verbose("Pass 2\n");
+	fprintf(out, "\n");
+	fprintf(out, "static const unsigned char %s_machine[] = {\n",
+		grammar_name);
+
+	nr_entries = 0;
+	root = &type_list[0];
+	render_element(out, root->element, NULL);
+	render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_COMPLETE,\n");
+	render_out_of_line_list(out);
+
+	fprintf(out, "};\n");
+
+	fprintf(out, "\n");
+	fprintf(out, "const struct asn1_decoder %s_decoder = {\n", grammar_name);
+	fprintf(out, "\t.machine = %s_machine,\n", grammar_name);
+	fprintf(out, "\t.machlen = sizeof(%s_machine),\n", grammar_name);
+	fprintf(out, "\t.actions = %s_action_table,\n", grammar_name);
+	fprintf(out, "};\n");
+}
+
+/*
+ * Render the out-of-line elements
+ */
+static void render_out_of_line_list(FILE *out)
+{
+	struct element *e, *ce;
+	const char *act;
+	int entry;
+
+	while ((e = render_list)) {
+		render_list = e->render_next;
+		if (!render_list)
+			render_list_p = &render_list;
+
+		render_more(out, "\n");
+		e->entry_index = entry = nr_entries;
+		render_depth++;
+		for (ce = e->children; ce; ce = ce->next)
+			render_element(out, ce, NULL);
+		render_depth--;
+
+		act = e->action ? "_ACT" : "";
+		switch (e->compound) {
+		case SEQUENCE:
+			render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_END_SEQ%s,\n", act);
+			break;
+		case SEQUENCE_OF:
+			render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_END_SEQ_OF%s,\n", act);
+			render_opcode(out, "_jump_target(%u),\n", entry);
+			break;
+		case SET:
+			render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_END_SET%s,\n", act);
+			break;
+		case SET_OF:
+			render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_END_SET_OF%s,\n", act);
+			render_opcode(out, "_jump_target(%u),\n", entry);
+			break;
+		default:
+			break;
+		}
+		if (e->action)
+			render_opcode(out, "_action(ACT_%s),\n",
+				      e->action->name);
+		render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_RETURN,\n");
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Render an element.
+ */
+static void render_element(FILE *out, struct element *e, struct element *tag)
+{
+	struct element *ec, *x;
+	const char *cond, *act;
+	int entry, skippable = 0, outofline = 0;
+
+	if (e->flags & ELEMENT_SKIPPABLE ||
+	    (tag && tag->flags & ELEMENT_SKIPPABLE))
+		skippable = 1;
+
+	if ((e->type_def && e->type_def->ref_count > 1) ||
+	    skippable)
+		outofline = 1;
+
+	if (e->type_def && out) {
+		render_more(out, "\t// %s\n", e->type_def->name->content);
+	}
+
+	/* Render the operation */
+	cond = (e->flags & ELEMENT_CONDITIONAL ||
+		(tag && tag->flags & ELEMENT_CONDITIONAL)) ? "COND_" : "";
+	act = e->action ? "_ACT" : "";
+	switch (e->compound) {
+	case ANY:
+		render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_%sMATCH_ANY%s%s,",
+			      cond, act, skippable ? "_OR_SKIP" : "");
+		if (e->name)
+			render_more(out, "\t\t// %s", e->name->content);
+		render_more(out, "\n");
+		goto dont_render_tag;
+
+	case TAG_OVERRIDE:
+		render_element(out, e->children, e);
+		return;
+
+	case SEQUENCE:
+	case SEQUENCE_OF:
+	case SET:
+	case SET_OF:
+		render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_%sMATCH%s%s,",
+			      cond,
+			      outofline ? "_JUMP" : "",
+			      skippable ? "_OR_SKIP" : "");
+		break;
+
+	case CHOICE:
+		goto dont_render_tag;
+
+	case TYPE_REF:
+		if (e->class == ASN1_UNIV && e->method == ASN1_PRIM && e->tag == 0)
+			goto dont_render_tag;
+	default:
+		render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_%sMATCH%s%s,",
+			      cond, act,
+			      skippable ? "_OR_SKIP" : "");
+		break;
+	}
+
+	x = tag ?: e;
+	if (x->name)
+		render_more(out, "\t\t// %s", x->name->content);
+	render_more(out, "\n");
+
+	/* Render the tag */
+	if (!tag || !(tag->flags & ELEMENT_TAG_SPECIFIED))
+		tag = e;
+
+	if (tag->class == ASN1_UNIV &&
+	    tag->tag != 14 &&
+	    tag->tag != 15 &&
+	    tag->tag != 31)
+		render_opcode(out, "_tag(%s, %s, %s),\n",
+			      asn1_classes[tag->class],
+			      asn1_methods[tag->method | e->method],
+			      asn1_universal_tags[tag->tag]);
+	else
+		render_opcode(out, "_tagn(%s, %s, %2u),\n",
+			      asn1_classes[tag->class],
+			      asn1_methods[tag->method | e->method],
+			      tag->tag);
+	tag = NULL;
+dont_render_tag:
+
+	/* Deal with compound types */
+	switch (e->compound) {
+	case TYPE_REF:
+		render_element(out, e->type->type->element, tag);
+		if (e->action)
+			render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_%sACT,\n",
+				      skippable ? "MAYBE_" : "");
+		break;
+
+	case SEQUENCE:
+		if (outofline) {
+			/* Render out-of-line for multiple use or
+			 * skipability */
+			render_opcode(out, "_jump_target(%u),", e->entry_index);
+			if (e->type_def && e->type_def->name)
+				render_more(out, "\t\t// --> %s",
+					    e->type_def->name->content);
+			render_more(out, "\n");
+			if (!(e->flags & ELEMENT_RENDERED)) {
+				e->flags |= ELEMENT_RENDERED;
+				*render_list_p = e;
+				render_list_p = &e->render_next;
+			}
+			return;
+		} else {
+			/* Render inline for single use */
+			render_depth++;
+			for (ec = e->children; ec; ec = ec->next)
+				render_element(out, ec, NULL);
+			render_depth--;
+			render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_END_SEQ%s,\n", act);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case SEQUENCE_OF:
+	case SET_OF:
+		if (outofline) {
+			/* Render out-of-line for multiple use or
+			 * skipability */
+			render_opcode(out, "_jump_target(%u),", e->entry_index);
+			if (e->type_def && e->type_def->name)
+				render_more(out, "\t\t// --> %s",
+					    e->type_def->name->content);
+			render_more(out, "\n");
+			if (!(e->flags & ELEMENT_RENDERED)) {
+				e->flags |= ELEMENT_RENDERED;
+				*render_list_p = e;
+				render_list_p = &e->render_next;
+			}
+			return;
+		} else {
+			/* Render inline for single use */
+			entry = nr_entries;
+			render_depth++;
+			render_element(out, e->children, NULL);
+			render_depth--;
+			if (e->compound == SEQUENCE_OF)
+				render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_END_SEQ_OF%s,\n", act);
+			else
+				render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_END_SET_OF%s,\n", act);
+			render_opcode(out, "_jump_target(%u),\n", entry);
+		}
+		break;
+
+	case SET:
+		/* I can't think of a nice way to do SET support without having
+		 * a stack of bitmasks to make sure no element is repeated.
+		 * The bitmask has also to be checked that no non-optional
+		 * elements are left out whilst not preventing optional
+		 * elements from being left out.
+		 */
+		fprintf(stderr, "The ASN.1 SET type is not currently supported.\n");
+		exit(1);
+
+	case CHOICE:
+		for (ec = e->children; ec; ec = ec->next)
+			render_element(out, ec, ec);
+		if (!skippable)
+			render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_COND_FAIL,\n");
+		if (e->action)
+			render_opcode(out, "ASN1_OP_ACT,\n");
+		break;
+
+	default:
+		break;
+	}
+
+	if (e->action)
+		render_opcode(out, "_action(ACT_%s),\n", e->action->name);
+}