tools/mkimage.c - platform/external/u-boot - Gitiles

 /*
  * (C) Copyright 2000-2004
  * DENX Software Engineering
  * Wolfgang Denk, wd@denx.de
  * All rights reserved.
  *
  * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
  * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
  * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
  * the License, or (at your option) any later version.
  *
  * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
  * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
  * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
  * GNU General Public License for more details.
  *
  * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
  * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
  * Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
  * MA 02111-1307 USA
  */

 #include <errno.h>
 #include <fcntl.h>
 #include <stdio.h>
 #include <stdlib.h>
 #include <string.h>
 #ifndef __WIN32__
 #include <netinet/in.h>		/* for host / network byte order conversions	*/
 #endif
 #include <sys/mman.h>
 #include <sys/stat.h>
 #include <time.h>
 #include <unistd.h>

 #if defined(__BEOS__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__)
 #include <inttypes.h>
 #endif

 #ifdef __WIN32__
 typedef unsigned int __u32;

 #define SWAP_LONG(x) \
 	((__u32)( \
 		(((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0x000000ffUL) << 24) | \
 		(((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0x0000ff00UL) <<  8) | \
 		(((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0x00ff0000UL) >>  8) | \
 		(((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0xff000000UL) >> 24) ))
 typedef		unsigned char	uint8_t;
 typedef		unsigned short	uint16_t;
 typedef		unsigned int	uint32_t;

 #define     ntohl(a)	SWAP_LONG(a)
 #define     htonl(a)	SWAP_LONG(a)
 #endif	/* __WIN32__ */

 #ifndef	O_BINARY		/* should be define'd on __WIN32__ */
 #define O_BINARY	0
 #endif

 #include <image.h>

 extern int errno;

 #ifndef MAP_FAILED
 #define MAP_FAILED (-1)
 #endif

 char *cmdname;

 extern unsigned long crc32 (unsigned long crc, const char *buf, unsigned int len);

 typedef struct table_entry {
 	int	val;		/* as defined in image.h	*/
 	char	*sname;		/* short (input) name		*/
 	char	*lname;		/* long (output) name		*/
 } table_entry_t;

 table_entry_t arch_name[] = {
     {	IH_CPU_INVALID,		NULL,		"Invalid CPU",	},
     {	IH_CPU_ALPHA,		"alpha",	"Alpha",	},
     {	IH_CPU_ARM,		"arm",		"ARM",		},
     {	IH_CPU_I386,		"x86",		"Intel x86",	},
     {	IH_CPU_IA64,		"ia64",		"IA64",		},
     {	IH_CPU_M68K,		"m68k",		"MC68000",	},
     {	IH_CPU_MICROBLAZE,	"microblaze",	"MicroBlaze",	},
     {	IH_CPU_MIPS,		"mips",		"MIPS",		},
     {	IH_CPU_MIPS64,		"mips64",	"MIPS 64 Bit",	},
     {	IH_CPU_NIOS,		"nios",		"NIOS",		},
     {	IH_CPU_NIOS2,		"nios2",	"NIOS II",	},
     {	IH_CPU_PPC,		"ppc",		"PowerPC",	},
     {	IH_CPU_S390,		"s390",		"IBM S390",	},
     {	IH_CPU_SH,		"sh",		"SuperH",	},
     {	IH_CPU_SPARC,		"sparc",	"SPARC",	},
     {	IH_CPU_SPARC64,		"sparc64",	"SPARC 64 Bit",	},
     {	IH_CPU_BLACKFIN,	"blackfin",	"Blackfin",	},
     {	IH_CPU_AVR32,		"avr32",	"AVR32",	},
     {	-1,			"",		"",		},
 };

 table_entry_t os_name[] = {
     {	IH_OS_INVALID,	NULL,		"Invalid OS",		},
     {	IH_OS_4_4BSD,	"4_4bsd",	"4_4BSD",		},
     {	IH_OS_ARTOS,	"artos",	"ARTOS",		},
     {	IH_OS_DELL,	"dell",		"Dell",			},
     {	IH_OS_ESIX,	"esix",		"Esix",			},
     {	IH_OS_FREEBSD,	"freebsd",	"FreeBSD",		},
     {	IH_OS_IRIX,	"irix",		"Irix",			},
     {	IH_OS_LINUX,	"linux",	"Linux",		},
     {	IH_OS_LYNXOS,	"lynxos",	"LynxOS",		},
     {	IH_OS_NCR,	"ncr",		"NCR",			},
     {	IH_OS_NETBSD,	"netbsd",	"NetBSD",		},
     {	IH_OS_OPENBSD,	"openbsd",	"OpenBSD",		},
     {	IH_OS_PSOS,	"psos",		"pSOS",			},
     {	IH_OS_QNX,	"qnx",		"QNX",			},
     {	IH_OS_RTEMS,	"rtems",	"RTEMS",		},
     {	IH_OS_SCO,	"sco",		"SCO",			},
     {	IH_OS_SOLARIS,	"solaris",	"Solaris",		},
     {	IH_OS_SVR4,	"svr4",		"SVR4",			},
     {	IH_OS_U_BOOT,	"u-boot",	"U-Boot",		},
     {	IH_OS_VXWORKS,	"vxworks",	"VxWorks",		},
     {	-1,		"",		"",			},
 };

 table_entry_t type_name[] = {
     {	IH_TYPE_INVALID,    NULL,	  "Invalid Image",	},
     {	IH_TYPE_FILESYSTEM, "filesystem", "Filesystem Image",	},
     {	IH_TYPE_FIRMWARE,   "firmware",	  "Firmware",		},
     {	IH_TYPE_KERNEL,	    "kernel",	  "Kernel Image",	},
     {	IH_TYPE_MULTI,	    "multi",	  "Multi-File Image",	},
     {	IH_TYPE_RAMDISK,    "ramdisk",	  "RAMDisk Image",	},
     {	IH_TYPE_SCRIPT,     "script",	  "Script",		},
     {	IH_TYPE_STANDALONE, "standalone", "Standalone Program", },
     {	IH_TYPE_FLATDT,     "flat_dt",    "Flat Device Tree",	},
     {	-1,		    "",		  "",			},
 };

 table_entry_t comp_name[] = {
     {	IH_COMP_NONE,	"none",		"uncompressed",		},
     {	IH_COMP_BZIP2,	"bzip2",	"bzip2 compressed",	},
     {	IH_COMP_GZIP,	"gzip",		"gzip compressed",	},
     {	-1,		"",		"",			},
 };

 static	void	copy_file (int, const char *, int);
 static	void	usage	(void);
 static	void	print_header (image_header_t *);
 static	void	print_type (image_header_t *);
 static	char	*put_table_entry (table_entry_t *, char *, int);
 static	char	*put_arch (int);
 static	char	*put_type (int);
 static	char	*put_os   (int);
 static	char	*put_comp (int);
 static	int	get_table_entry (table_entry_t *, char *, char *);
 static	int	get_arch(char *);
 static	int	get_comp(char *);
 static	int	get_os  (char *);
 static	int	get_type(char *);


 char	*datafile;
 char	*imagefile;

 int dflag    = 0;
 int eflag    = 0;
 int lflag    = 0;
 int vflag    = 0;
 int xflag    = 0;
 int opt_os   = IH_OS_LINUX;
 int opt_arch = IH_CPU_PPC;
 int opt_type = IH_TYPE_KERNEL;
 int opt_comp = IH_COMP_GZIP;

 image_header_t header;
 image_header_t *hdr = &header;

 int
 main (int argc, char **argv)
 {
 	int ifd;
 	uint32_t checksum;
 	uint32_t addr;
 	uint32_t ep;
 	struct stat sbuf;
 	unsigned char *ptr;
 	char *name = "";

 	cmdname = *argv;

 	addr = ep = 0;

 	while (--argc > 0 && **++argv == '-') {
 		while (*++*argv) {
 			switch (**argv) {
 			case 'l':
 				lflag = 1;
 				break;
 			case 'A':
 				if ((--argc <= 0) ||
 				    (opt_arch = get_arch(*++argv)) < 0)
 					usage ();
 				goto NXTARG;
 			case 'C':
 				if ((--argc <= 0) ||
 				    (opt_comp = get_comp(*++argv)) < 0)
 					usage ();
 				goto NXTARG;
 			case 'O':
 				if ((--argc <= 0) ||
 				    (opt_os = get_os(*++argv)) < 0)
 					usage ();
 				goto NXTARG;
 			case 'T':
 				if ((--argc <= 0) ||
 				    (opt_type = get_type(*++argv)) < 0)
 					usage ();
 				goto NXTARG;

 			case 'a':
 				if (--argc <= 0)
 					usage ();
 				addr = strtoul (*++argv, (char **)&ptr, 16);
 				if (*ptr) {
 					fprintf (stderr,
 						"%s: invalid load address %s\n",
 						cmdname, *argv);
 					exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 				}
 				goto NXTARG;
 			case 'd':
 				if (--argc <= 0)
 					usage ();
 				datafile = *++argv;
 				dflag = 1;
 				goto NXTARG;
 			case 'e':
 				if (--argc <= 0)
 					usage ();
 				ep = strtoul (*++argv, (char **)&ptr, 16);
 				if (*ptr) {
 					fprintf (stderr,
 						"%s: invalid entry point %s\n",
 						cmdname, *argv);
 					exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 				}
 				eflag = 1;
 				goto NXTARG;
 			case 'n':
 				if (--argc <= 0)
 					usage ();
 				name = *++argv;
 				goto NXTARG;
 			case 'v':
 				vflag++;
 				break;
 			case 'x':
 				xflag++;
 				break;
 			default:
 				usage ();
 			}
 		}
 NXTARG:		;
 	}

 	if ((argc != 1) || ((lflag ^ dflag) == 0))
 		usage();

 	if (!eflag) {
 		ep = addr;
 		/* If XIP, entry point must be after the U-Boot header */
 		if (xflag)
 			ep += sizeof(image_header_t);
 	}

 	/*
 	 * If XIP, ensure the entry point is equal to the load address plus
 	 * the size of the U-Boot header.
 	 */
 	if (xflag) {
 		if (ep != addr + sizeof(image_header_t)) {
 			fprintf (stderr,
 				"%s: For XIP, the entry point must be the load addr + %lu\n",
 				cmdname,
 				(unsigned long)sizeof(image_header_t));
 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 		}
 	}

 	imagefile = *argv;

 	if (lflag) {
 		ifd = open(imagefile, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY);
 	} else {
 		ifd = open(imagefile, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_BINARY, 0666);
 	}

 	if (ifd < 0) {
 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
 			cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}

 	if (lflag) {
 		int len;
 		char *data;
 		/*
 		 * list header information of existing image
 		 */
 		if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
 			fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
 				cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 		}

 		if ((unsigned)sbuf.st_size < sizeof(image_header_t)) {
 			fprintf (stderr,
 				"%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is no valid image\n",
 				cmdname, imagefile);
 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 		}

 		ptr = (unsigned char *)mmap(0, sbuf.st_size,
 					    PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
 		if ((caddr_t)ptr == (caddr_t)-1) {
 			fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
 				cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 		}

 		/*
 		 * create copy of header so that we can blank out the
 		 * checksum field for checking - this can't be done
 		 * on the PROT_READ mapped data.
 		 */
 		memcpy (hdr, ptr, sizeof(image_header_t));

 		if (ntohl(hdr->ih_magic) != IH_MAGIC) {
 			fprintf (stderr,
 				"%s: Bad Magic Number: \"%s\" is no valid image\n",
 				cmdname, imagefile);
 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 		}

 		data = (char *)hdr;
 		len  = sizeof(image_header_t);

 		checksum = ntohl(hdr->ih_hcrc);
 		hdr->ih_hcrc = htonl(0);	/* clear for re-calculation */

 		if (crc32 (0, data, len) != checksum) {
 			fprintf (stderr,
 				"%s: ERROR: \"%s\" has bad header checksum!\n",
 				cmdname, imagefile);
 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 		}

 		data = (char *)(ptr + sizeof(image_header_t));
 		len  = sbuf.st_size - sizeof(image_header_t) ;

 		if (crc32 (0, data, len) != ntohl(hdr->ih_dcrc)) {
 			fprintf (stderr,
 				"%s: ERROR: \"%s\" has corrupted data!\n",
 				cmdname, imagefile);
 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 		}

 		/* for multi-file images we need the data part, too */
 		print_header ((image_header_t *)ptr);

 		(void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
 		(void) close (ifd);

 		exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
 	}

 	/*
 	 * Must be -w then:
 	 *
 	 * write dummy header, to be fixed later
 	 */
 	memset (hdr, 0, sizeof(image_header_t));

 	if (write(ifd, hdr, sizeof(image_header_t)) != sizeof(image_header_t)) {
 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
 			cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}

 	if (opt_type == IH_TYPE_MULTI || opt_type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT) {
 		char *file = datafile;
 		uint32_t size;

 		for (;;) {
 			char *sep = NULL;

 			if (file) {
 				if ((sep = strchr(file, ':')) != NULL) {
 					*sep = '\0';
 				}

 				if (stat (file, &sbuf) < 0) {
 					fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
 						cmdname, file, strerror(errno));
 					exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 				}
 				size = htonl(sbuf.st_size);
 			} else {
 				size = 0;
 			}

 			if (write(ifd, (char *)&size, sizeof(size)) != sizeof(size)) {
 				fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
 					cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
 				exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 			}

 			if (!file) {
 				break;
 			}

 			if (sep) {
 				*sep = ':';
 				file = sep + 1;
 			} else {
 				file = NULL;
 			}
 		}

 		file = datafile;

 		for (;;) {
 			char *sep = strchr(file, ':');
 			if (sep) {
 				*sep = '\0';
 				copy_file (ifd, file, 1);
 				*sep++ = ':';
 				file = sep;
 			} else {
 				copy_file (ifd, file, 0);
 				break;
 			}
 		}
 	} else {
 		copy_file (ifd, datafile, 0);
 	}

 	/* We're a bit of paranoid */
 #if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && !defined(__sun__) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__APPLE__)
 	(void) fdatasync (ifd);
 #else
 	(void) fsync (ifd);
 #endif

 	if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
 			cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}

 	ptr = (unsigned char *)mmap(0, sbuf.st_size,
 				    PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
 	if (ptr == (unsigned char *)MAP_FAILED) {
 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't map %s: %s\n",
 			cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}

 	hdr = (image_header_t *)ptr;

 	checksum = crc32 (0,
 			  (const char *)(ptr + sizeof(image_header_t)),
 			  sbuf.st_size - sizeof(image_header_t)
 			 );

 	/* Build new header */
 	hdr->ih_magic = htonl(IH_MAGIC);
 	hdr->ih_time  = htonl(sbuf.st_mtime);
 	hdr->ih_size  = htonl(sbuf.st_size - sizeof(image_header_t));
 	hdr->ih_load  = htonl(addr);
 	hdr->ih_ep    = htonl(ep);
 	hdr->ih_dcrc  = htonl(checksum);
 	hdr->ih_os    = opt_os;
 	hdr->ih_arch  = opt_arch;
 	hdr->ih_type  = opt_type;
 	hdr->ih_comp  = opt_comp;

 	strncpy((char *)hdr->ih_name, name, IH_NMLEN);

 	checksum = crc32(0,(const char *)hdr,sizeof(image_header_t));

 	hdr->ih_hcrc = htonl(checksum);

 	print_header (hdr);

 	(void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);

 	/* We're a bit of paranoid */
 #if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && !defined(__sun__) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__APPLE__)
 	(void) fdatasync (ifd);
 #else
 	(void) fsync (ifd);
 #endif

 	if (close(ifd)) {
 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
 			cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}

 	exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
 }

 static void
 copy_file (int ifd, const char *datafile, int pad)
 {
 	int dfd;
 	struct stat sbuf;
 	unsigned char *ptr;
 	int tail;
 	int zero = 0;
 	int offset = 0;
 	int size;

 	if (vflag) {
 		fprintf (stderr, "Adding Image %s\n", datafile);
 	}

 	if ((dfd = open(datafile, O_RDONLY|O_BINARY)) < 0) {
 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
 			cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}

 	if (fstat(dfd, &sbuf) < 0) {
 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
 			cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}

 	ptr = (unsigned char *)mmap(0, sbuf.st_size,
 				    PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, dfd, 0);
 	if (ptr == (unsigned char *)MAP_FAILED) {
 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
 			cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}

 	if (xflag) {
 		unsigned char *p = NULL;
 		/*
 		 * XIP: do not append the image_header_t at the
 		 * beginning of the file, but consume the space
 		 * reserved for it.
 		 */

 		if ((unsigned)sbuf.st_size < sizeof(image_header_t)) {
 			fprintf (stderr,
 				"%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is too small for XIP\n",
 				cmdname, datafile);
 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 		}

 		for (p=ptr; p < ptr+sizeof(image_header_t); p++) {
 			if ( *p != 0xff ) {
 				fprintf (stderr,
 					"%s: Bad file: \"%s\" has invalid buffer for XIP\n",
 					cmdname, datafile);
 				exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 			}
 		}

 		offset = sizeof(image_header_t);
 	}

 	size = sbuf.st_size - offset;
 	if (write(ifd, ptr + offset, size) != size) {
 		fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
 			cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
 		exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 	}

 	if (pad && ((tail = size % 4) != 0)) {

 		if (write(ifd, (char *)&zero, 4-tail) != 4-tail) {
 			fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
 				cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
 			exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 		}
 	}

 	(void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
 	(void) close (dfd);
 }

 void
 usage ()
 {
 	fprintf (stderr, "Usage: %s -l image\n"
 			 "          -l ==> list image header information\n"
 			 "       %s [-x] -A arch -O os -T type -C comp "
 			 "-a addr -e ep -n name -d data_file[:data_file...] image\n",
 		cmdname, cmdname);
 	fprintf (stderr, "          -A ==> set architecture to 'arch'\n"
 			 "          -O ==> set operating system to 'os'\n"
 			 "          -T ==> set image type to 'type'\n"
 			 "          -C ==> set compression type 'comp'\n"
 			 "          -a ==> set load address to 'addr' (hex)\n"
 			 "          -e ==> set entry point to 'ep' (hex)\n"
 			 "          -n ==> set image name to 'name'\n"
 			 "          -d ==> use image data from 'datafile'\n"
 			 "          -x ==> set XIP (execute in place)\n"
 		);
 	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
 }

 static void
 print_header (image_header_t *hdr)
 {
 	time_t timestamp;
 	uint32_t size;

 	timestamp = (time_t)ntohl(hdr->ih_time);
 	size = ntohl(hdr->ih_size);

 	printf ("Image Name:   %.*s\n", IH_NMLEN, hdr->ih_name);
 	printf ("Created:      %s", ctime(&timestamp));
 	printf ("Image Type:   "); print_type(hdr);
 	printf ("Data Size:    %d Bytes = %.2f kB = %.2f MB\n",
 		size, (double)size / 1.024e3, (double)size / 1.048576e6 );
 	printf ("Load Address: 0x%08X\n", ntohl(hdr->ih_load));
 	printf ("Entry Point:  0x%08X\n", ntohl(hdr->ih_ep));

 	if (hdr->ih_type == IH_TYPE_MULTI || hdr->ih_type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT) {
 		int i, ptrs;
 		uint32_t pos;
 		uint32_t *len_ptr = (uint32_t *) (
 					(unsigned long)hdr + sizeof(image_header_t)
 				);

 		/* determine number of images first (to calculate image offsets) */
 		for (i=0; len_ptr[i]; ++i)	/* null pointer terminates list */
 			;
 		ptrs = i;		/* null pointer terminates list */

 		pos = sizeof(image_header_t) + ptrs * sizeof(long);
 		printf ("Contents:\n");
 		for (i=0; len_ptr[i]; ++i) {
 			size = ntohl(len_ptr[i]);

 			printf ("   Image %d: %8d Bytes = %4d kB = %d MB\n",
 				i, size, size>>10, size>>20);
 			if (hdr->ih_type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT && i > 0) {
 				/*
 				 * the user may need to know offsets
 				 * if planning to do something with
 				 * multiple files
 				 */
 				printf ("    Offset = %08X\n", pos);
 			}
 			/* copy_file() will pad the first files to even word align */
 			size += 3;
 			size &= ~3;
 			pos += size;
 		}
 	}
 }


 static void
 print_type (image_header_t *hdr)
 {
 	printf ("%s %s %s (%s)\n",
 		put_arch (hdr->ih_arch),
 		put_os   (hdr->ih_os  ),
 		put_type (hdr->ih_type),
 		put_comp (hdr->ih_comp)
 	);
 }

 static char *put_arch (int arch)
 {
 	return (put_table_entry(arch_name, "Unknown Architecture", arch));
 }

 static char *put_os (int os)
 {
 	return (put_table_entry(os_name, "Unknown OS", os));
 }

 static char *put_type (int type)
 {
 	return (put_table_entry(type_name, "Unknown Image", type));
 }

 static char *put_comp (int comp)
 {
 	return (put_table_entry(comp_name, "Unknown Compression", comp));
 }

 static char *put_table_entry (table_entry_t *table, char *msg, int type)
 {
 	for (; table->val>=0; ++table) {
 		if (table->val == type)
 			return (table->lname);
 	}
 	return (msg);
 }

 static int get_arch(char *name)
 {
 	return (get_table_entry(arch_name, "CPU", name));
 }


 static int get_comp(char *name)
 {
 	return (get_table_entry(comp_name, "Compression", name));
 }


 static int get_os (char *name)
 {
 	return (get_table_entry(os_name, "OS", name));
 }


 static int get_type(char *name)
 {
 	return (get_table_entry(type_name, "Image", name));
 }

 static int get_table_entry (table_entry_t *table, char *msg, char *name)
 {
 	table_entry_t *t;
 	int first = 1;

 	for (t=table; t->val>=0; ++t) {
 		if (t->sname && strcasecmp(t->sname, name)==0)
 			return (t->val);
 	}
 	fprintf (stderr, "\nInvalid %s Type - valid names are", msg);
 	for (t=table; t->val>=0; ++t) {
 		if (t->sname == NULL)
 			continue;
 		fprintf (stderr, "%c %s", (first) ? ':' : ',', t->sname);
 		first = 0;
 	}
 	fprintf (stderr, "\n");
 	return (-1);
 }
	/*
	* (C) Copyright 2000-2004
	* DENX Software Engineering
	* Wolfgang Denk, wd@denx.de
	* All rights reserved.
	*
	* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
	* modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
	* published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
	* the License, or (at your option) any later version.
	*
	* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
	* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
	* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
	* GNU General Public License for more details.
	*
	* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
	* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
	* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
	* MA 02111-1307 USA
	*/

	#include <errno.h>
	#include <fcntl.h>
	#include <stdio.h>
	#include <stdlib.h>
	#include <string.h>
	#ifndef __WIN32__
	#include <netinet/in.h> /* for host / network byte order conversions */
	#endif
	#include <sys/mman.h>
	#include <sys/stat.h>
	#include <time.h>
	#include <unistd.h>

	#if defined(__BEOS__) \|\| defined(__NetBSD__) \|\| defined(__APPLE__)
	#include <inttypes.h>
	#endif

	#ifdef __WIN32__
	typedef unsigned int __u32;

	#define SWAP_LONG(x) \
	((__u32)( \
	(((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0x000000ffUL) << 24) \| \
	(((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0x0000ff00UL) << 8) \| \
	(((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0x00ff0000UL) >> 8) \| \
	(((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0xff000000UL) >> 24) ))
	typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
	typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
	typedef unsigned int uint32_t;

	#define ntohl(a) SWAP_LONG(a)
	#define htonl(a) SWAP_LONG(a)
	#endif /* __WIN32__ */

	#ifndef O_BINARY /* should be define'd on __WIN32__ */
	#define O_BINARY 0
	#endif

	#include <image.h>

	extern int errno;

	#ifndef MAP_FAILED
	#define MAP_FAILED (-1)
	#endif

	char *cmdname;

	extern unsigned long crc32 (unsigned long crc, const char *buf, unsigned int len);

	typedef struct table_entry {
	int val; /* as defined in image.h */
	char sname; / short (input) name */
	char lname; / long (output) name */
	} table_entry_t;

	table_entry_t arch_name[] = {
	{ IH_CPU_INVALID, NULL, "Invalid CPU", },
	{ IH_CPU_ALPHA, "alpha", "Alpha", },
	{ IH_CPU_ARM, "arm", "ARM", },
	{ IH_CPU_I386, "x86", "Intel x86", },
	{ IH_CPU_IA64, "ia64", "IA64", },
	{ IH_CPU_M68K, "m68k", "MC68000", },
	{ IH_CPU_MICROBLAZE, "microblaze", "MicroBlaze", },
	{ IH_CPU_MIPS, "mips", "MIPS", },
	{ IH_CPU_MIPS64, "mips64", "MIPS 64 Bit", },
	{ IH_CPU_NIOS, "nios", "NIOS", },
	{ IH_CPU_NIOS2, "nios2", "NIOS II", },
	{ IH_CPU_PPC, "ppc", "PowerPC", },
	{ IH_CPU_S390, "s390", "IBM S390", },
	{ IH_CPU_SH, "sh", "SuperH", },
	{ IH_CPU_SPARC, "sparc", "SPARC", },
	{ IH_CPU_SPARC64, "sparc64", "SPARC 64 Bit", },
	{ IH_CPU_BLACKFIN, "blackfin", "Blackfin", },
	{ IH_CPU_AVR32, "avr32", "AVR32", },
	{ -1, "", "", },
	};

	table_entry_t os_name[] = {
	{ IH_OS_INVALID, NULL, "Invalid OS", },
	{ IH_OS_4_4BSD, "4_4bsd", "4_4BSD", },
	{ IH_OS_ARTOS, "artos", "ARTOS", },
	{ IH_OS_DELL, "dell", "Dell", },
	{ IH_OS_ESIX, "esix", "Esix", },
	{ IH_OS_FREEBSD, "freebsd", "FreeBSD", },
	{ IH_OS_IRIX, "irix", "Irix", },
	{ IH_OS_LINUX, "linux", "Linux", },
	{ IH_OS_LYNXOS, "lynxos", "LynxOS", },
	{ IH_OS_NCR, "ncr", "NCR", },
	{ IH_OS_NETBSD, "netbsd", "NetBSD", },
	{ IH_OS_OPENBSD, "openbsd", "OpenBSD", },
	{ IH_OS_PSOS, "psos", "pSOS", },
	{ IH_OS_QNX, "qnx", "QNX", },
	{ IH_OS_RTEMS, "rtems", "RTEMS", },
	{ IH_OS_SCO, "sco", "SCO", },
	{ IH_OS_SOLARIS, "solaris", "Solaris", },
	{ IH_OS_SVR4, "svr4", "SVR4", },
	{ IH_OS_U_BOOT, "u-boot", "U-Boot", },
	{ IH_OS_VXWORKS, "vxworks", "VxWorks", },
	{ -1, "", "", },
	};

	table_entry_t type_name[] = {
	{ IH_TYPE_INVALID, NULL, "Invalid Image", },
	{ IH_TYPE_FILESYSTEM, "filesystem", "Filesystem Image", },
	{ IH_TYPE_FIRMWARE, "firmware", "Firmware", },
	{ IH_TYPE_KERNEL, "kernel", "Kernel Image", },
	{ IH_TYPE_MULTI, "multi", "Multi-File Image", },
	{ IH_TYPE_RAMDISK, "ramdisk", "RAMDisk Image", },
	{ IH_TYPE_SCRIPT, "script", "Script", },
	{ IH_TYPE_STANDALONE, "standalone", "Standalone Program", },
	{ IH_TYPE_FLATDT, "flat_dt", "Flat Device Tree", },
	{ -1, "", "", },
	};

	table_entry_t comp_name[] = {
	{ IH_COMP_NONE, "none", "uncompressed", },
	{ IH_COMP_BZIP2, "bzip2", "bzip2 compressed", },
	{ IH_COMP_GZIP, "gzip", "gzip compressed", },
	{ -1, "", "", },
	};

	static void copy_file (int, const char *, int);
	static void usage (void);
	static void print_header (image_header_t *);
	static void print_type (image_header_t *);
	static char put_table_entry (table_entry_t , char *, int);
	static char *put_arch (int);
	static char *put_type (int);
	static char *put_os (int);
	static char *put_comp (int);
	static int get_table_entry (table_entry_t , char , char *);
	static int get_arch(char *);
	static int get_comp(char *);
	static int get_os (char *);
	static int get_type(char *);


	char *datafile;
	char *imagefile;

	int dflag = 0;
	int eflag = 0;
	int lflag = 0;
	int vflag = 0;
	int xflag = 0;
	int opt_os = IH_OS_LINUX;
	int opt_arch = IH_CPU_PPC;
	int opt_type = IH_TYPE_KERNEL;
	int opt_comp = IH_COMP_GZIP;

	image_header_t header;
	image_header_t *hdr = &header;

	int
	main (int argc, char **argv)
	{
	int ifd;
	uint32_t checksum;
	uint32_t addr;
	uint32_t ep;
	struct stat sbuf;
	unsigned char *ptr;
	char *name = "";

	cmdname = *argv;

	addr = ep = 0;

	while (--argc > 0 && **++argv == '-') {
	while (++argv) {
	switch (**argv) {
	case 'l':
	lflag = 1;
	break;
	case 'A':
	if ((--argc <= 0) \|\|
	(opt_arch = get_arch(*++argv)) < 0)
	usage ();
	goto NXTARG;
	case 'C':
	if ((--argc <= 0) \|\|
	(opt_comp = get_comp(*++argv)) < 0)
	usage ();
	goto NXTARG;
	case 'O':
	if ((--argc <= 0) \|\|
	(opt_os = get_os(*++argv)) < 0)
	usage ();
	goto NXTARG;
	case 'T':
	if ((--argc <= 0) \|\|
	(opt_type = get_type(*++argv)) < 0)
	usage ();
	goto NXTARG;

	case 'a':
	if (--argc <= 0)
	usage ();
	addr = strtoul (++argv, (char *)&ptr, 16);
	if (*ptr) {
	fprintf (stderr,
	"%s: invalid load address %s\n",
	cmdname, *argv);
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	goto NXTARG;
	case 'd':
	if (--argc <= 0)
	usage ();
	datafile = *++argv;
	dflag = 1;
	goto NXTARG;
	case 'e':
	if (--argc <= 0)
	usage ();
	ep = strtoul (++argv, (char *)&ptr, 16);
	if (*ptr) {
	fprintf (stderr,
	"%s: invalid entry point %s\n",
	cmdname, *argv);
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	eflag = 1;
	goto NXTARG;
	case 'n':
	if (--argc <= 0)
	usage ();
	name = *++argv;
	goto NXTARG;
	case 'v':
	vflag++;
	break;
	case 'x':
	xflag++;
	break;
	default:
	usage ();
	}
	}
	NXTARG: ;
	}

	if ((argc != 1) \|\| ((lflag ^ dflag) == 0))
	usage();

	if (!eflag) {
	ep = addr;
	/* If XIP, entry point must be after the U-Boot header */
	if (xflag)
	ep += sizeof(image_header_t);
	}

	/*
	* If XIP, ensure the entry point is equal to the load address plus
	* the size of the U-Boot header.
	*/
	if (xflag) {
	if (ep != addr + sizeof(image_header_t)) {
	fprintf (stderr,
	"%s: For XIP, the entry point must be the load addr + %lu\n",
	cmdname,
	(unsigned long)sizeof(image_header_t));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	}

	imagefile = *argv;

	if (lflag) {
	ifd = open(imagefile, O_RDONLY\|O_BINARY);
	} else {
	ifd = open(imagefile, O_RDWR\|O_CREAT\|O_TRUNC\|O_BINARY, 0666);
	}

	if (ifd < 0) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if (lflag) {
	int len;
	char *data;
	/*
	* list header information of existing image
	*/
	if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if ((unsigned)sbuf.st_size < sizeof(image_header_t)) {
	fprintf (stderr,
	"%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is no valid image\n",
	cmdname, imagefile);
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	ptr = (unsigned char *)mmap(0, sbuf.st_size,
	PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
	if ((caddr_t)ptr == (caddr_t)-1) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	/*
	* create copy of header so that we can blank out the
	* checksum field for checking - this can't be done
	* on the PROT_READ mapped data.
	*/
	memcpy (hdr, ptr, sizeof(image_header_t));

	if (ntohl(hdr->ih_magic) != IH_MAGIC) {
	fprintf (stderr,
	"%s: Bad Magic Number: \"%s\" is no valid image\n",
	cmdname, imagefile);
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	data = (char *)hdr;
	len = sizeof(image_header_t);

	checksum = ntohl(hdr->ih_hcrc);
	hdr->ih_hcrc = htonl(0); /* clear for re-calculation */

	if (crc32 (0, data, len) != checksum) {
	fprintf (stderr,
	"%s: ERROR: \"%s\" has bad header checksum!\n",
	cmdname, imagefile);
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	data = (char *)(ptr + sizeof(image_header_t));
	len = sbuf.st_size - sizeof(image_header_t) ;

	if (crc32 (0, data, len) != ntohl(hdr->ih_dcrc)) {
	fprintf (stderr,
	"%s: ERROR: \"%s\" has corrupted data!\n",
	cmdname, imagefile);
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	/* for multi-file images we need the data part, too */
	print_header ((image_header_t *)ptr);

	(void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
	(void) close (ifd);

	exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
	}

	/*
	* Must be -w then:
	*
	* write dummy header, to be fixed later
	*/
	memset (hdr, 0, sizeof(image_header_t));

	if (write(ifd, hdr, sizeof(image_header_t)) != sizeof(image_header_t)) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if (opt_type == IH_TYPE_MULTI \|\| opt_type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT) {
	char *file = datafile;
	uint32_t size;

	for (;;) {
	char *sep = NULL;

	if (file) {
	if ((sep = strchr(file, ':')) != NULL) {
	*sep = '\0';
	}

	if (stat (file, &sbuf) < 0) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, file, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	size = htonl(sbuf.st_size);
	} else {
	size = 0;
	}

	if (write(ifd, (char *)&size, sizeof(size)) != sizeof(size)) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if (!file) {
	break;
	}

	if (sep) {
	*sep = ':';
	file = sep + 1;
	} else {
	file = NULL;
	}
	}

	file = datafile;

	for (;;) {
	char *sep = strchr(file, ':');
	if (sep) {
	*sep = '\0';
	copy_file (ifd, file, 1);
	*sep++ = ':';
	file = sep;
	} else {
	copy_file (ifd, file, 0);
	break;
	}
	}
	} else {
	copy_file (ifd, datafile, 0);
	}

	/* We're a bit of paranoid */
	#if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && !defined(__sun__) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__APPLE__)
	(void) fdatasync (ifd);
	#else
	(void) fsync (ifd);
	#endif

	if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	ptr = (unsigned char *)mmap(0, sbuf.st_size,
	PROT_READ\|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
	if (ptr == (unsigned char *)MAP_FAILED) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't map %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	hdr = (image_header_t *)ptr;

	checksum = crc32 (0,
	(const char *)(ptr + sizeof(image_header_t)),
	sbuf.st_size - sizeof(image_header_t)
	);

	/* Build new header */
	hdr->ih_magic = htonl(IH_MAGIC);
	hdr->ih_time = htonl(sbuf.st_mtime);
	hdr->ih_size = htonl(sbuf.st_size - sizeof(image_header_t));
	hdr->ih_load = htonl(addr);
	hdr->ih_ep = htonl(ep);
	hdr->ih_dcrc = htonl(checksum);
	hdr->ih_os = opt_os;
	hdr->ih_arch = opt_arch;
	hdr->ih_type = opt_type;
	hdr->ih_comp = opt_comp;

	strncpy((char *)hdr->ih_name, name, IH_NMLEN);

	checksum = crc32(0,(const char *)hdr,sizeof(image_header_t));

	hdr->ih_hcrc = htonl(checksum);

	print_header (hdr);

	(void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);

	/* We're a bit of paranoid */
	#if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && !defined(__sun__) && !defined(__FreeBSD__) && !defined(__APPLE__)
	(void) fdatasync (ifd);
	#else
	(void) fsync (ifd);
	#endif

	if (close(ifd)) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
	}

	static void
	copy_file (int ifd, const char *datafile, int pad)
	{
	int dfd;
	struct stat sbuf;
	unsigned char *ptr;
	int tail;
	int zero = 0;
	int offset = 0;
	int size;

	if (vflag) {
	fprintf (stderr, "Adding Image %s\n", datafile);
	}

	if ((dfd = open(datafile, O_RDONLY\|O_BINARY)) < 0) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if (fstat(dfd, &sbuf) < 0) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	ptr = (unsigned char *)mmap(0, sbuf.st_size,
	PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, dfd, 0);
	if (ptr == (unsigned char *)MAP_FAILED) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if (xflag) {
	unsigned char *p = NULL;
	/*
	* XIP: do not append the image_header_t at the
	* beginning of the file, but consume the space
	* reserved for it.
	*/

	if ((unsigned)sbuf.st_size < sizeof(image_header_t)) {
	fprintf (stderr,
	"%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is too small for XIP\n",
	cmdname, datafile);
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	for (p=ptr; p < ptr+sizeof(image_header_t); p++) {
	if ( *p != 0xff ) {
	fprintf (stderr,
	"%s: Bad file: \"%s\" has invalid buffer for XIP\n",
	cmdname, datafile);
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	}

	offset = sizeof(image_header_t);
	}

	size = sbuf.st_size - offset;
	if (write(ifd, ptr + offset, size) != size) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	if (pad && ((tail = size % 4) != 0)) {

	if (write(ifd, (char *)&zero, 4-tail) != 4-tail) {
	fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
	cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}
	}

	(void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
	(void) close (dfd);
	}

	void
	usage ()
	{
	fprintf (stderr, "Usage: %s -l image\n"
	" -l ==> list image header information\n"
	" %s [-x] -A arch -O os -T type -C comp "
	"-a addr -e ep -n name -d data_file[:data_file...] image\n",
	cmdname, cmdname);
	fprintf (stderr, " -A ==> set architecture to 'arch'\n"
	" -O ==> set operating system to 'os'\n"
	" -T ==> set image type to 'type'\n"
	" -C ==> set compression type 'comp'\n"
	" -a ==> set load address to 'addr' (hex)\n"
	" -e ==> set entry point to 'ep' (hex)\n"
	" -n ==> set image name to 'name'\n"
	" -d ==> use image data from 'datafile'\n"
	" -x ==> set XIP (execute in place)\n"
	);
	exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
	}

	static void
	print_header (image_header_t *hdr)
	{
	time_t timestamp;
	uint32_t size;

	timestamp = (time_t)ntohl(hdr->ih_time);
	size = ntohl(hdr->ih_size);

	printf ("Image Name: %.*s\n", IH_NMLEN, hdr->ih_name);
	printf ("Created: %s", ctime(&timestamp));
	printf ("Image Type: "); print_type(hdr);
	printf ("Data Size: %d Bytes = %.2f kB = %.2f MB\n",
	size, (double)size / 1.024e3, (double)size / 1.048576e6 );
	printf ("Load Address: 0x%08X\n", ntohl(hdr->ih_load));
	printf ("Entry Point: 0x%08X\n", ntohl(hdr->ih_ep));

	if (hdr->ih_type == IH_TYPE_MULTI \|\| hdr->ih_type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT) {
	int i, ptrs;
	uint32_t pos;
	uint32_t len_ptr = (uint32_t ) (
	(unsigned long)hdr + sizeof(image_header_t)
	);

	/* determine number of images first (to calculate image offsets) */
	for (i=0; len_ptr[i]; ++i) /* null pointer terminates list */
	;
	ptrs = i; /* null pointer terminates list */

	pos = sizeof(image_header_t) + ptrs * sizeof(long);
	printf ("Contents:\n");
	for (i=0; len_ptr[i]; ++i) {
	size = ntohl(len_ptr[i]);

	printf (" Image %d: %8d Bytes = %4d kB = %d MB\n",
	i, size, size>>10, size>>20);
	if (hdr->ih_type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT && i > 0) {
	/*
	* the user may need to know offsets
	* if planning to do something with
	* multiple files
	*/
	printf (" Offset = %08X\n", pos);
	}
	/* copy_file() will pad the first files to even word align */
	size += 3;
	size &= ~3;
	pos += size;
	}
	}
	}


	static void
	print_type (image_header_t *hdr)
	{
	printf ("%s %s %s (%s)\n",
	put_arch (hdr->ih_arch),
	put_os (hdr->ih_os ),
	put_type (hdr->ih_type),
	put_comp (hdr->ih_comp)
	);
	}

	static char *put_arch (int arch)
	{
	return (put_table_entry(arch_name, "Unknown Architecture", arch));
	}

	static char *put_os (int os)
	{
	return (put_table_entry(os_name, "Unknown OS", os));
	}

	static char *put_type (int type)
	{
	return (put_table_entry(type_name, "Unknown Image", type));
	}

	static char *put_comp (int comp)
	{
	return (put_table_entry(comp_name, "Unknown Compression", comp));
	}

	static char put_table_entry (table_entry_t table, char *msg, int type)
	{
	for (; table->val>=0; ++table) {
	if (table->val == type)
	return (table->lname);
	}
	return (msg);
	}

	static int get_arch(char *name)
	{
	return (get_table_entry(arch_name, "CPU", name));
	}


	static int get_comp(char *name)
	{
	return (get_table_entry(comp_name, "Compression", name));
	}


	static int get_os (char *name)
	{
	return (get_table_entry(os_name, "OS", name));
	}


	static int get_type(char *name)
	{
	return (get_table_entry(type_name, "Image", name));
	}

	static int get_table_entry (table_entry_t table, char msg, char *name)
	{
	table_entry_t *t;
	int first = 1;

	for (t=table; t->val>=0; ++t) {
	if (t->sname && strcasecmp(t->sname, name)==0)
	return (t->val);
	}
	fprintf (stderr, "\nInvalid %s Type - valid names are", msg);
	for (t=table; t->val>=0; ++t) {
	if (t->sname == NULL)
	continue;
	fprintf (stderr, "%c %s", (first) ? ':' : ',', t->sname);
	first = 0;
	}
	fprintf (stderr, "\n");
	return (-1);
	}