doc/README.uefi - platform/external/u-boot - Gitiles

 <!--
     Copyright (c) 2018 Heinrich Schuchardt

     SPDX-License-Identifier:     GPL-2.0+
 -->

 # UEFI on U-Boot

 The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Specification (UEFI) [1] has become
 the default for booting on AArch64 and x86 systems. It provides a stable API for
 the interaction of drivers and applications with the firmware. The API comprises
 access to block storage, network, and console to name a few. The Linux kernel
 and boot loaders like GRUB or the FreeBSD loader can be executed.

 ## Building for UEFI

 The UEFI standard supports only little endian systems. The UEFI support can be
 activated for ARM and x86 by specifying

     CONFIG_CMD_BOOTEFI=y
     CONFIG_EFI_LOADER=y

 in the .config file.

 Support for attaching virtual block devices, e.g. iSCSI drives connected by the
 loaded UEFI application [3], requires

     CONFIG_BLK=y
     CONFIG_PARTITIONS=y

 ### Executing a UEFI binary

 The bootefi command is used to start UEFI applications or to install UEFI
 drivers. It takes two parameters

     bootefi <image address> [fdt address]

 * image address - the memory address of the UEFI binary
 * fdt address - the memory address of the flattened device tree

 Below you find the output of an example session starting GRUB.

     => load mmc 0:2 ${fdt_addr_r} boot/dtb
     29830 bytes read in 14 ms (2 MiB/s)
     => load mmc 0:1 ${kernel_addr_r} efi/debian/grubaa64.efi
     reading efi/debian/grubaa64.efi
     120832 bytes read in 7 ms (16.5 MiB/s)
     => bootefi ${kernel_addr_r} ${fdt_addr_r}

 The environment variable 'bootargs' is passed as load options in the UEFI system
 table. The Linux kernel EFI stub uses the load options as command line
 arguments.

 ### Executing the boot manager

 The UEFI specfication foresees to define boot entries and boot sequence via UEFI
 variables. Booting according to these variables is possible via

     bootefi bootmgr [fdt address]

 As of U-Boot v2018.03 UEFI variables are not persisted and cannot be set at
 runtime.

 ### Executing the built in hello world application

 A hello world UEFI application can be built with

     CONFIG_CMD_BOOTEFI_HELLO_COMPILE=y

 It can be embedded into the U-Boot binary with

     CONFIG_CMD_BOOTEFI_HELLO=y

 The bootefi command is used to start the embedded hello world application.

     bootefi hello [fdt address]

 Below you find the output of an example session.

     => bootefi hello ${fdtcontroladdr}
     ## Starting EFI application at 01000000 ...
     WARNING: using memory device/image path, this may confuse some payloads!
     Hello, world!
     Running on UEFI 2.7
     Have SMBIOS table
     Have device tree
     Load options: root=/dev/sdb3 init=/sbin/init rootwait ro
     ## Application terminated, r = 0

 The environment variable fdtcontroladdr points to U-Boot's internal device tree
 (if available).

 ### Executing the built-in selftest

 An UEFI selftest suite can be embedded in U-Boot by building with

     CONFIG_CMD_BOOTEFI_SELFTEST=y

 For testing the UEFI implementation the bootefi command can be used to start the
 selftest.

     bootefi selftest [fdt address]

 The environment variable 'efi_selftest' can be used to select a single test. If
 it is not provided all tests are executed except those marked as 'on request'.
 If the environment variable is set to 'list' a list of all tests is shown.

 Below you can find the output of an example session.

     => setenv efi_selftest simple network protocol
     => bootefi selftest
     Testing EFI API implementation
     Selected test: 'simple network protocol'
     Setting up 'simple network protocol'
     Setting up 'simple network protocol' succeeded
     Executing 'simple network protocol'
     DHCP Discover
     DHCP reply received from 192.168.76.2 (52:55:c0:a8:4c:02)
       as broadcast message.
     Executing 'simple network protocol' succeeded
     Tearing down 'simple network protocol'
     Tearing down 'simple network protocol' succeeded
     Boot services terminated
     Summary: 0 failures
     Preparing for reset. Press any key.

 ## The UEFI life cycle

 After the U-Boot platform has been initialized the UEFI API provides two kinds
 of services

 * boot services and
 * runtime services.

 The API can be extended by loading UEFI drivers which come in two variants

 * boot drivers and
 * runtime drivers.

 UEFI drivers are installed with U-Boot's bootefi command. With the same command
 UEFI applications can be executed.

 Loaded images of UEFI drivers stay in memory after returning to U-Boot while
 loaded images of applications are removed from memory.

 An UEFI application (e.g. an operating system) that wants to take full control
 of the system calls ExitBootServices. After a UEFI application calls
 ExitBootServices

 * boot services are not available anymore
 * timer events are stopped
 * the memory used by U-Boot except for runtime services is released
 * the memory used by boot time drivers is released

 So this is a point of no return. Afterwards the UEFI application can only return
 to U-Boot by rebooting.

 ## The UEFI object model

 UEFI offers a flexible and expandable object model. The objects in the UEFI API
 are devices, drivers, and loaded images. These objects are referenced by
 handles.

 The interfaces implemented by the objects are referred to as protocols. These
 are identified by GUIDs. They can be installed and uninstalled by calling the
 appropriate boot services.

 Handles are created by the InstallProtocolInterface or the
 InstallMultipleProtocolinterfaces service if NULL is passed as handle.

 Handles are deleted when the last protocol has been removed with the
 UninstallProtocolInterface or the UninstallMultipleProtocolInterfaces service.

 Devices offer the EFI_DEVICE_PATH_PROTOCOL. A device path is the concatenation
 of device nodes. By their device paths all devices of a system are arranged in a
 tree.

 Drivers offer the EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL. This protocol is used to connect
 a driver to devices (which are referenced as controllers in this context).

 Loaded images offer the EFI_LOADED_IMAGE_PROTOCOL. This protocol provides meta
 information about the image and a pointer to the unload callback function.

 ## The UEFI events

 In the UEFI terminology an event is a data object referencing a notification
 function which is queued for calling when the event is signaled. The following
 types of events exist:

 * periodic and single shot timer events
 * exit boot services events, triggered by calling the ExitBootServices() service
 * virtual address change events
 * memory map change events
 * read to boot events
 * reset system events
 * system table events
 * events that are only triggered programmatically

 Events can be created with the CreateEvent service and deleted with CloseEvent
 service.

 Events can be assigned to an event group. If any of the events in a group is
 signaled, all other events in the group are also set to the signaled state.

 ## The UEFI driver model

 A driver is specific for a single protocol installed on a device. To install a
 driver on a device the ConnectController service is called. In this context
 controller refers to the device for which the driver is installed.

 The relevant drivers are identified using the EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL. This
 protocol has has three functions:

 * supported - determines if the driver is compatible with the device
 * start - installs the driver by opening the relevant protocol with
   attribute EFI_OPEN_PROTOCOL_BY_DRIVER
 * stop - uninstalls the driver

 The driver may create child controllers (child devices). E.g. a driver for block
 IO devices will create the device handles for the partitions. The child
 controllers  will open the supported protocol with the attribute
 EFI_OPEN_PROTOCOL_BY_CHILD_CONTROLLER.

 A driver can be detached from a device using the DisconnectController service.

 ## U-Boot devices mapped as UEFI devices

 Some of the U-Boot devices are mapped as UEFI devices

 * block IO devices
 * console
 * graphical output
 * network adapter

 As of U-Boot 2018.03 the logic for doing this is hard coded.

 The development target is to integrate the setup of these UEFI devices with the
 U-Boot driver model. So when a U-Boot device is discovered a handle should be
 created and the device path protocol and the relevant IO protocol should be
 installed. The UEFI driver then would be attached by calling ConnectController.
 When a U-Boot device is removed DisconnectController should be called.

 ## UEFI devices mapped as U-Boot devices

 UEFI drivers binaries and applications may create new (virtual) devices, install
 a protocol and call the ConnectController service. Now the matching UEFI driver
 is determined by iterating over the implementations of the
 EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL.

 It is the task of the UEFI driver to create a corresponding U-Boot device and to
 proxy calls for this U-Boot device to the controller.

 In U-Boot 2018.03 this has only been implemented for block IO devices.

 ### UEFI uclass

 An UEFI uclass driver (lib/efi_driver/efi_uclass.c) has been created that
 takes care of initializing the UEFI drivers and providing the
 EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL implementation for the UEFI drivers.

 A linker created list is used to keep track of the UEFI drivers. To create an
 entry in the list the UEFI driver uses the U_BOOT_DRIVER macro specifying
 UCLASS_EFI as the ID of its uclass, e.g.

     /* Identify as UEFI driver */
     U_BOOT_DRIVER(efi_block) = {
     	.name  = "EFI block driver",
     	.id    = UCLASS_EFI,
     	.ops   = &driver_ops,
     };

 The available operations are defined via the structure struct efi_driver_ops.

     struct efi_driver_ops {
         const efi_guid_t *protocol;
         const efi_guid_t *child_protocol;
         int (*bind)(efi_handle_t handle, void *interface);
     };

 When the supported() function of the EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL is called the
 uclass checks if the protocol GUID matches the protocol GUID of the UEFI driver.
 In the start() function the bind() function of the UEFI driver is called after
 checking the GUID.
 The stop() function of the EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL disconnects the child
 controllers created by the UEFI driver and the UEFI driver. (In U-Boot v2013.03
 this is not yet completely implemented.)

 ### UEFI block IO driver

 The UEFI block IO driver supports devices exposing the EFI_BLOCK_IO_PROTOCOL.

 When connected it creates a new U-Boot block IO device with interface type
 IF_TYPE_EFI, adds child controllers mapping the partitions, and installs the
 EFI_SIMPLE_FILE_SYSTEM_PROTOCOL on these. This can be used together with the
 software iPXE to boot from iSCSI network drives [3].

 This driver is only available if U-Boot is configured with

     CONFIG_BLK=y
     CONFIG_PARTITIONS=y

 ## TODOs as of U-Boot 2018.03

 * unimplemented or incompletely implemented boot services
   * Exit - call unload function, unload applications only
   * ReinstallProtocolInterface
   * UnloadImage

 * unimplemented events
   * EVT_RUNTIME
   * EVT_SIGNAL_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS_CHANGE
   * event groups

 * data model
   * manage events in a linked list
   * manage configuration tables in a linked list

 * UEFI drivers
   * support DisconnectController for UEFI block devices.

 * support for CONFIG_EFI_LOADER in the sandbox (CONFIG_SANDBOX=y)

 * UEFI variables
   * persistence
   * runtime support

 ## Links

 * [1](http://uefi.org/specifications)
   http://uefi.org/specifications - UEFI specifications
 * [2](./driver-model/README.txt) doc/driver-model/README.txt - Driver model
 * [3](./README.iscsi) doc/README.iscsi - iSCSI booting with U-Boot and iPXE
	<!--
	Copyright (c) 2018 Heinrich Schuchardt

	SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
	-->

	# UEFI on U-Boot

	The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface Specification (UEFI) [1] has become
	the default for booting on AArch64 and x86 systems. It provides a stable API for
	the interaction of drivers and applications with the firmware. The API comprises
	access to block storage, network, and console to name a few. The Linux kernel
	and boot loaders like GRUB or the FreeBSD loader can be executed.

	## Building for UEFI

	The UEFI standard supports only little endian systems. The UEFI support can be
	activated for ARM and x86 by specifying

	CONFIG_CMD_BOOTEFI=y
	CONFIG_EFI_LOADER=y

	in the .config file.

	Support for attaching virtual block devices, e.g. iSCSI drives connected by the
	loaded UEFI application [3], requires

	CONFIG_BLK=y
	CONFIG_PARTITIONS=y

	### Executing a UEFI binary

	The bootefi command is used to start UEFI applications or to install UEFI
	drivers. It takes two parameters

	bootefi <image address> [fdt address]

	* image address - the memory address of the UEFI binary
	* fdt address - the memory address of the flattened device tree

	Below you find the output of an example session starting GRUB.

	=> load mmc 0:2 ${fdt_addr_r} boot/dtb
	29830 bytes read in 14 ms (2 MiB/s)
	=> load mmc 0:1 ${kernel_addr_r} efi/debian/grubaa64.efi
	reading efi/debian/grubaa64.efi
	120832 bytes read in 7 ms (16.5 MiB/s)
	=> bootefi ${kernel_addr_r} ${fdt_addr_r}

	The environment variable 'bootargs' is passed as load options in the UEFI system
	table. The Linux kernel EFI stub uses the load options as command line
	arguments.

	### Executing the boot manager

	The UEFI specfication foresees to define boot entries and boot sequence via UEFI
	variables. Booting according to these variables is possible via

	bootefi bootmgr [fdt address]

	As of U-Boot v2018.03 UEFI variables are not persisted and cannot be set at
	runtime.

	### Executing the built in hello world application

	A hello world UEFI application can be built with

	CONFIG_CMD_BOOTEFI_HELLO_COMPILE=y

	It can be embedded into the U-Boot binary with

	CONFIG_CMD_BOOTEFI_HELLO=y

	The bootefi command is used to start the embedded hello world application.

	bootefi hello [fdt address]

	Below you find the output of an example session.

	=> bootefi hello ${fdtcontroladdr}
	## Starting EFI application at 01000000 ...
	WARNING: using memory device/image path, this may confuse some payloads!
	Hello, world!
	Running on UEFI 2.7
	Have SMBIOS table
	Have device tree
	Load options: root=/dev/sdb3 init=/sbin/init rootwait ro
	## Application terminated, r = 0

	The environment variable fdtcontroladdr points to U-Boot's internal device tree
	(if available).

	### Executing the built-in selftest

	An UEFI selftest suite can be embedded in U-Boot by building with

	CONFIG_CMD_BOOTEFI_SELFTEST=y

	For testing the UEFI implementation the bootefi command can be used to start the
	selftest.

	bootefi selftest [fdt address]

	The environment variable 'efi_selftest' can be used to select a single test. If
	it is not provided all tests are executed except those marked as 'on request'.
	If the environment variable is set to 'list' a list of all tests is shown.

	Below you can find the output of an example session.

	=> setenv efi_selftest simple network protocol
	=> bootefi selftest
	Testing EFI API implementation
	Selected test: 'simple network protocol'
	Setting up 'simple network protocol'
	Setting up 'simple network protocol' succeeded
	Executing 'simple network protocol'
	DHCP Discover
	DHCP reply received from 192.168.76.2 (52:55:c0:a8:4c:02)
	as broadcast message.
	Executing 'simple network protocol' succeeded
	Tearing down 'simple network protocol'
	Tearing down 'simple network protocol' succeeded
	Boot services terminated
	Summary: 0 failures
	Preparing for reset. Press any key.

	## The UEFI life cycle

	After the U-Boot platform has been initialized the UEFI API provides two kinds
	of services

	* boot services and
	* runtime services.

	The API can be extended by loading UEFI drivers which come in two variants

	* boot drivers and
	* runtime drivers.

	UEFI drivers are installed with U-Boot's bootefi command. With the same command
	UEFI applications can be executed.

	Loaded images of UEFI drivers stay in memory after returning to U-Boot while
	loaded images of applications are removed from memory.

	An UEFI application (e.g. an operating system) that wants to take full control
	of the system calls ExitBootServices. After a UEFI application calls
	ExitBootServices

	* boot services are not available anymore
	* timer events are stopped
	* the memory used by U-Boot except for runtime services is released
	* the memory used by boot time drivers is released

	So this is a point of no return. Afterwards the UEFI application can only return
	to U-Boot by rebooting.

	## The UEFI object model

	UEFI offers a flexible and expandable object model. The objects in the UEFI API
	are devices, drivers, and loaded images. These objects are referenced by
	handles.

	The interfaces implemented by the objects are referred to as protocols. These
	are identified by GUIDs. They can be installed and uninstalled by calling the
	appropriate boot services.

	Handles are created by the InstallProtocolInterface or the
	InstallMultipleProtocolinterfaces service if NULL is passed as handle.

	Handles are deleted when the last protocol has been removed with the
	UninstallProtocolInterface or the UninstallMultipleProtocolInterfaces service.

	Devices offer the EFI_DEVICE_PATH_PROTOCOL. A device path is the concatenation
	of device nodes. By their device paths all devices of a system are arranged in a
	tree.

	Drivers offer the EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL. This protocol is used to connect
	a driver to devices (which are referenced as controllers in this context).

	Loaded images offer the EFI_LOADED_IMAGE_PROTOCOL. This protocol provides meta
	information about the image and a pointer to the unload callback function.

	## The UEFI events

	In the UEFI terminology an event is a data object referencing a notification
	function which is queued for calling when the event is signaled. The following
	types of events exist:

	* periodic and single shot timer events
	* exit boot services events, triggered by calling the ExitBootServices() service
	* virtual address change events
	* memory map change events
	* read to boot events
	* reset system events
	* system table events
	* events that are only triggered programmatically

	Events can be created with the CreateEvent service and deleted with CloseEvent
	service.

	Events can be assigned to an event group. If any of the events in a group is
	signaled, all other events in the group are also set to the signaled state.

	## The UEFI driver model

	A driver is specific for a single protocol installed on a device. To install a
	driver on a device the ConnectController service is called. In this context
	controller refers to the device for which the driver is installed.

	The relevant drivers are identified using the EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL. This
	protocol has has three functions:

	* supported - determines if the driver is compatible with the device
	* start - installs the driver by opening the relevant protocol with
	attribute EFI_OPEN_PROTOCOL_BY_DRIVER
	* stop - uninstalls the driver

	The driver may create child controllers (child devices). E.g. a driver for block
	IO devices will create the device handles for the partitions. The child
	controllers will open the supported protocol with the attribute
	EFI_OPEN_PROTOCOL_BY_CHILD_CONTROLLER.

	A driver can be detached from a device using the DisconnectController service.

	## U-Boot devices mapped as UEFI devices

	Some of the U-Boot devices are mapped as UEFI devices

	* block IO devices
	* console
	* graphical output
	* network adapter

	As of U-Boot 2018.03 the logic for doing this is hard coded.

	The development target is to integrate the setup of these UEFI devices with the
	U-Boot driver model. So when a U-Boot device is discovered a handle should be
	created and the device path protocol and the relevant IO protocol should be
	installed. The UEFI driver then would be attached by calling ConnectController.
	When a U-Boot device is removed DisconnectController should be called.

	## UEFI devices mapped as U-Boot devices

	UEFI drivers binaries and applications may create new (virtual) devices, install
	a protocol and call the ConnectController service. Now the matching UEFI driver
	is determined by iterating over the implementations of the
	EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL.

	It is the task of the UEFI driver to create a corresponding U-Boot device and to
	proxy calls for this U-Boot device to the controller.

	In U-Boot 2018.03 this has only been implemented for block IO devices.

	### UEFI uclass

	An UEFI uclass driver (lib/efi_driver/efi_uclass.c) has been created that
	takes care of initializing the UEFI drivers and providing the
	EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL implementation for the UEFI drivers.

	A linker created list is used to keep track of the UEFI drivers. To create an
	entry in the list the UEFI driver uses the U_BOOT_DRIVER macro specifying
	UCLASS_EFI as the ID of its uclass, e.g.

	/* Identify as UEFI driver */
	U_BOOT_DRIVER(efi_block) = {
	.name = "EFI block driver",
	.id = UCLASS_EFI,
	.ops = &driver_ops,
	};

	The available operations are defined via the structure struct efi_driver_ops.

	struct efi_driver_ops {
	const efi_guid_t *protocol;
	const efi_guid_t *child_protocol;
	int (bind)(efi_handle_t handle, void interface);
	};

	When the supported() function of the EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL is called the
	uclass checks if the protocol GUID matches the protocol GUID of the UEFI driver.
	In the start() function the bind() function of the UEFI driver is called after
	checking the GUID.
	The stop() function of the EFI_DRIVER_BINDING_PROTOCOL disconnects the child
	controllers created by the UEFI driver and the UEFI driver. (In U-Boot v2013.03
	this is not yet completely implemented.)

	### UEFI block IO driver

	The UEFI block IO driver supports devices exposing the EFI_BLOCK_IO_PROTOCOL.

	When connected it creates a new U-Boot block IO device with interface type
	IF_TYPE_EFI, adds child controllers mapping the partitions, and installs the
	EFI_SIMPLE_FILE_SYSTEM_PROTOCOL on these. This can be used together with the
	software iPXE to boot from iSCSI network drives [3].

	This driver is only available if U-Boot is configured with

	CONFIG_BLK=y
	CONFIG_PARTITIONS=y

	## TODOs as of U-Boot 2018.03

	* unimplemented or incompletely implemented boot services
	* Exit - call unload function, unload applications only
	* ReinstallProtocolInterface
	* UnloadImage

	* unimplemented events
	* EVT_RUNTIME
	* EVT_SIGNAL_VIRTUAL_ADDRESS_CHANGE
	* event groups

	* data model
	* manage events in a linked list
	* manage configuration tables in a linked list

	* UEFI drivers
	* support DisconnectController for UEFI block devices.

	* support for CONFIG_EFI_LOADER in the sandbox (CONFIG_SANDBOX=y)

	* UEFI variables
	* persistence
	* runtime support

	## Links

	* [1](http://uefi.org/specifications)
	http://uefi.org/specifications - UEFI specifications
	* [2](./driver-model/README.txt) doc/driver-model/README.txt - Driver model
	* [3](./README.iscsi) doc/README.iscsi - iSCSI booting with U-Boot and iPXE