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Simon Glassbbb0b122011-10-15 05:48:21 +00001#
2# Copyright (c) 2011 The Chromium OS Authors.
3#
Wolfgang Denk1a459662013-07-08 09:37:19 +02004# SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
Simon Glassbbb0b122011-10-15 05:48:21 +00005#
6
7Device Tree Control in U-Boot
8=============================
9
10This feature provides for run-time configuration of U-Boot via a flat
11device tree (fdt). U-Boot configuration has traditionally been done
12using CONFIG options in the board config file. This feature aims to
13make it possible for a single U-Boot binary to support multiple boards,
14with the exact configuration of each board controlled by a flat device
15tree (fdt). This is the approach recently taken by the ARM Linux kernel
16and has been used by PowerPC for some time.
17
18The fdt is a convenient vehicle for implementing run-time configuration
19for three reasons. Firstly it is easy to use, being a simple text file.
20It is extensible since it consists of nodes and properties in a nice
21hierarchical format.
22
23Finally, there is already excellent infrastructure for the fdt: a
24compiler checks the text file and converts it to a compact binary
25format, and a library is already available in U-Boot (libfdt) for
26handling this format.
27
28The dts directory contains a Makefile for building the device tree blob
29and embedding it in your U-Boot image. This is useful since it allows
30U-Boot to configure itself according to what it finds there. If you have
31a number of similar boards with different peripherals, you can describe
32the features of each board in the device tree file, and have a single
33generic source base.
34
35To enable this feature, add CONFIG_OF_CONTROL to your board config file.
Simon Glass134a6512013-05-07 06:11:46 +000036It is currently supported on ARM, x86 and Microblaze - other architectures
37will need to add code to their arch/xxx/lib/board.c file to locate the
38FDT. Alternatively you can enable generic board support on your board
39(with CONFIG_SYS_GENERIC_BOARD) if this is available (as it is for
40PowerPC). For ARM, Tegra and Exynos5 have device trees available for
41common devices.
Simon Glassbbb0b122011-10-15 05:48:21 +000042
43
44What is a Flat Device Tree?
45---------------------------
46
47An fdt can be specified in source format as a text file. To read about
48the fdt syntax, take a look at the specification here:
49
50https://www.power.org/resources/downloads/Power_ePAPR_APPROVED_v1.0.pdf
51
52You also might find this section of the Linux kernel documentation
53useful: (access this in the Linux kernel source code)
54
55 Documentation/devicetree/booting-without-of.txt
56
57There is also a mailing list:
58
59 http://lists.ozlabs.org/listinfo/devicetree-discuss
60
61In case you are wondering, OF stands for Open Firmware.
62
63
64Tools
65-----
66
67To use this feature you will need to get the device tree compiler here:
68
Jon Loeliger5f658262014-05-27 09:12:48 -050069 git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git
Simon Glassbbb0b122011-10-15 05:48:21 +000070
71For example:
72
Jon Loeliger5f658262014-05-27 09:12:48 -050073 $ git clone git://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/utils/dtc/dtc.git
Simon Glassbbb0b122011-10-15 05:48:21 +000074 $ cd dtc
75 $ make
76 $ sudo make install
77
78Then run the compiler (your version will vary):
79
80 $ dtc -v
81 Version: DTC 1.2.0-g2cb4b51f
82 $ make tests
83 $ cd tests
84 $ ./run_tests.sh
85 ********** TEST SUMMARY
86 * Total testcases: 1371
87 * PASS: 1371
88 * FAIL: 0
89 * Bad configuration: 0
90 * Strange test result: 0
91
Simon Glass134a6512013-05-07 06:11:46 +000092You will also find a useful fdtdump utility for decoding a binary file, as
93well as fdtget/fdtput for reading and writing properties in a binary file.
Simon Glassbbb0b122011-10-15 05:48:21 +000094
95
96Where do I get an fdt file for my board?
97----------------------------------------
98
99You may find that the Linux kernel has a suitable file. Look in the
100kernel source in arch/<arch>/boot/dts.
101
102If not you might find other boards with suitable files that you can
103modify to your needs. Look in the board directories for files with a
104.dts extension.
105
106Failing that, you could write one from scratch yourself!
107
108
109Configuration
110-------------
111
112Use:
113
114#define CONFIG_DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE "<name>"
115
116to set the filename of the device tree source. Then put your device tree
117file into
118
119 board/<vendor>/dts/<name>.dts
120
121This should include your CPU or SOC's device tree file, placed in
Stephen Warren06520282013-07-24 10:09:22 -0700122arch/<arch>/dts, and then make any adjustments required.
Simon Glassbbb0b122011-10-15 05:48:21 +0000123
124If CONFIG_OF_EMBED is defined, then it will be picked up and built into
Simon Glass63b4b5b2014-06-02 22:04:50 -0600125the U-Boot image (including u-boot.bin). This is suitable for debugging
126and development only and is not recommended for production devices.
Simon Glassbbb0b122011-10-15 05:48:21 +0000127
128If CONFIG_OF_SEPARATE is defined, then it will be built and placed in
129a u-boot.dtb file alongside u-boot.bin. A common approach is then to
130join the two:
131
132 cat u-boot.bin u-boot.dtb >image.bin
133
Simon Glass63b4b5b2014-06-02 22:04:50 -0600134and then flash image.bin onto your board. Note that U-Boot creates
135u-boot-dtb.bin which does the above step for you also. If you are using
136CONFIG_SPL_FRAMEWORK, then u-boot.img will be built to include the device
137tree binary.
Simon Glassbbb0b122011-10-15 05:48:21 +0000138
Simon Glassf828bf22013-04-20 08:42:41 +0000139If CONFIG_OF_HOSTFILE is defined, then it will be read from a file on
140startup. This is only useful for sandbox. Use the -d flag to U-Boot to
141specify the file to read.
142
143You cannot use more than one of these options at the same time.
Simon Glassbbb0b122011-10-15 05:48:21 +0000144
Simon Glass63b4b5b2014-06-02 22:04:50 -0600145To use a device tree file that you have compiled yourself, pass
Simon Glassd18926a2014-06-12 07:24:43 -0600146EXT_DTB=<filename> to 'make', as in:
Simon Glass63b4b5b2014-06-02 22:04:50 -0600147
Simon Glassd18926a2014-06-12 07:24:43 -0600148 make EXT_DTB=boot/am335x-boneblack-pubkey.dtb
Simon Glass63b4b5b2014-06-02 22:04:50 -0600149
150Then U-Boot will copy that file to u-boot.dtb, put it in the .img file
151if used, and u-boot-dtb.bin.
152
Simon Glasseea63e02011-10-24 19:15:34 +0000153If you wish to put the fdt at a different address in memory, you can
154define the "fdtcontroladdr" environment variable. This is the hex
155address of the fdt binary blob, and will override either of the options.
156Be aware that this environment variable is checked prior to relocation,
157when only the compiled-in environment is available. Therefore it is not
158possible to define this variable in the saved SPI/NAND flash
159environment, for example (it will be ignored).
160
161To use this, put something like this in your board header file:
162
163#define CONFIG_EXTRA_ENV_SETTINGS "fdtcontroladdr=10000\0"
164
Jagannadha Sutradharudu Teki74de8c92013-02-28 10:20:18 +0000165Build:
166
167After board configuration is done, fdt supported u-boot can be build in two ways:
1681) build the default dts which is defined from CONFIG_DEFAULT_DEVICE_TREE
169 $ make
1702) build the user specified dts file
171 $ make DEVICE_TREE=<dts-file-name>
172
Simon Glassbbb0b122011-10-15 05:48:21 +0000173
174Limitations
175-----------
176
177U-Boot is designed to build with a single architecture type and CPU
178type. So for example it is not possible to build a single ARM binary
179which runs on your AT91 and OMAP boards, relying on an fdt to configure
180the various features. This is because you must select one of
181the CPU families within arch/arm/cpu/arm926ejs (omap or at91) at build
182time. Similarly you cannot build for multiple cpu types or
183architectures.
184
185That said the complexity reduction by using fdt to support variants of
186boards which use the same SOC / CPU can be substantial.
187
188It is important to understand that the fdt only selects options
189available in the platform / drivers. It cannot add new drivers (yet). So
190you must still have the CONFIG option to enable the driver. For example,
191you need to define CONFIG_SYS_NS16550 to bring in the NS16550 driver,
192but can use the fdt to specific the UART clock, peripheral address, etc.
193In very broad terms, the CONFIG options in general control *what* driver
194files are pulled in, and the fdt controls *how* those files work.
195
196--
197Simon Glass <sjg@chromium.org>
1981-Sep-11