blob: 9de022488779b3382a8498d625e0476ad70c997b [file] [log] [blame]
wdenk5b1d7132002-11-03 00:07:02 +00001/*
2 * (C) Copyright 2000-2002
3 * DENX Software Engineering
4 * Wolfgang Denk, wd@denx.de
5 * All rights reserved.
6 */
7
8#include <errno.h>
9#include <fcntl.h>
10#include <stdio.h>
11#include <stdlib.h>
12#include <string.h>
13#ifndef __WIN32__
14#include <netinet/in.h> /* for host / network byte order conversions */
15#endif
16#include <sys/mman.h>
17#include <sys/stat.h>
18#include <time.h>
19#include <unistd.h>
20
21#if defined(__BEOS__) || defined(__NetBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__)
22#include <inttypes.h>
23#endif
24
25#ifdef __WIN32__
26typedef unsigned int __u32;
27
28#define SWAP_LONG(x) \
29 ((__u32)( \
30 (((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0x000000ffUL) << 24) | \
31 (((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0x0000ff00UL) << 8) | \
32 (((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0x00ff0000UL) >> 8) | \
33 (((__u32)(x) & (__u32)0xff000000UL) >> 24) ))
34typedef unsigned char uint8_t;
35typedef unsigned short uint16_t;
36typedef unsigned int uint32_t;
37
38#define ntohl(a) SWAP_LONG(a)
39#define htonl(a) SWAP_LONG(a)
40#endif /* __WIN32__ */
41
42#include <image.h>
43
44extern int errno;
45
46#ifndef MAP_FAILED
47#define MAP_FAILED (-1)
48#endif
49
50char *cmdname;
51
52extern unsigned long crc32 (unsigned long crc, const char *buf, unsigned int len);
53
54typedef struct table_entry {
55 int val; /* as defined in image.h */
56 char *sname; /* short (input) name */
57 char *lname; /* long (output) name */
58} table_entry_t;
59
60table_entry_t arch_name[] = {
61 { IH_CPU_INVALID, NULL, "Invalid CPU", },
62 { IH_CPU_ALPHA, "alpha", "Alpha", },
63 { IH_CPU_ARM, "arm", "ARM", },
64 { IH_CPU_I386, "x86", "Intel x86", },
65 { IH_CPU_IA64, "ia64", "IA64", },
66 { IH_CPU_MIPS, "mips", "MIPS", },
67 { IH_CPU_MIPS64, "mips64", "MIPS 64 Bit", },
68 { IH_CPU_PPC, "ppc", "PowerPC", },
69 { IH_CPU_S390, "s390", "IBM S390", },
70 { IH_CPU_SH, "sh", "SuperH", },
71 { IH_CPU_SPARC, "sparc", "SPARC", },
72 { IH_CPU_SPARC64, "sparc64", "SPARC 64 Bit", },
wdenk8564acf2003-07-14 22:13:32 +000073 { IH_CPU_M68K, "m68k", "MC68000", },
wdenk5b1d7132002-11-03 00:07:02 +000074 { -1, "", "", },
75};
76
77table_entry_t os_name[] = {
78 { IH_OS_INVALID, NULL, "Invalid OS", },
79 { IH_OS_OPENBSD, "openbsd", "OpenBSD", },
80 { IH_OS_NETBSD, "netbsd", "NetBSD", },
81 { IH_OS_FREEBSD, "freebsd", "FreeBSD", },
82 { IH_OS_4_4BSD, "4_4bsd", "4_4BSD", },
83 { IH_OS_LINUX, "linux", "Linux", },
84 { IH_OS_SVR4, "svr4", "SVR4", },
85 { IH_OS_ESIX, "esix", "Esix", },
86 { IH_OS_SOLARIS, "solaris", "Solaris", },
87 { IH_OS_IRIX, "irix", "Irix", },
88 { IH_OS_SCO, "sco", "SCO", },
89 { IH_OS_DELL, "dell", "Dell", },
90 { IH_OS_NCR, "ncr", "NCR", },
91 { IH_OS_LYNXOS, "lynxos", "LynxOS", },
92 { IH_OS_VXWORKS, "vxworks", "VxWorks", },
93 { IH_OS_PSOS, "psos", "pSOS", },
94 { IH_OS_QNX, "qnx", "QNX", },
95 { IH_OS_U_BOOT, "u-boot", "U-Boot", },
wdenkd791b1d2003-04-20 14:04:18 +000096 { IH_OS_RTEMS, "rtems", "RTEMS", },
wdenk7f70e852003-05-20 14:25:27 +000097 { IH_OS_ARTOS, "artos", "ARTOS", },
wdenk5b1d7132002-11-03 00:07:02 +000098 { -1, "", "", },
99};
100
101table_entry_t type_name[] = {
102 { IH_TYPE_INVALID, NULL, "Invalid Image", },
103 { IH_TYPE_STANDALONE, "standalone", "Standalone Program", },
104 { IH_TYPE_KERNEL, "kernel", "Kernel Image", },
105 { IH_TYPE_RAMDISK, "ramdisk", "RAMDisk Image", },
106 { IH_TYPE_MULTI, "multi", "Multi-File Image", },
107 { IH_TYPE_FIRMWARE, "firmware", "Firmware", },
108 { IH_TYPE_SCRIPT, "script", "Script", },
109 { -1, "", "", },
110};
111
112table_entry_t comp_name[] = {
113 { IH_COMP_NONE, "none", "uncompressed", },
114 { IH_COMP_GZIP, "gzip", "gzip compressed", },
115 { IH_COMP_BZIP2, "bzip2", "bzip2 compressed", },
116 { -1, "", "", },
117};
118
119static void copy_file (int, const char *, int);
120static void usage (void);
121static void print_header (image_header_t *);
122static void print_type (image_header_t *);
123static char *put_table_entry (table_entry_t *, char *, int);
124static char *put_arch (int);
125static char *put_type (int);
126static char *put_os (int);
127static char *put_comp (int);
128static int get_table_entry (table_entry_t *, char *, char *);
129static int get_arch(char *);
130static int get_comp(char *);
131static int get_os (char *);
132static int get_type(char *);
133
134
135char *datafile;
136char *imagefile;
137
138int dflag = 0;
139int eflag = 0;
140int lflag = 0;
141int vflag = 0;
142int xflag = 0;
143int opt_os = IH_OS_LINUX;
144int opt_arch = IH_CPU_PPC;
145int opt_type = IH_TYPE_KERNEL;
146int opt_comp = IH_COMP_GZIP;
147
148image_header_t header;
149image_header_t *hdr = &header;
150
151int
152main (int argc, char **argv)
153{
154 int ifd;
155 uint32_t checksum;
156 uint32_t addr;
157 uint32_t ep;
158 struct stat sbuf;
159 unsigned char *ptr;
160 char *name = "";
161
162 cmdname = *argv;
163
164 addr = ep = 0;
165
166 while (--argc > 0 && **++argv == '-') {
167 while (*++*argv) {
168 switch (**argv) {
169 case 'l':
170 lflag = 1;
171 break;
172 case 'A':
173 if ((--argc <= 0) ||
174 (opt_arch = get_arch(*++argv)) < 0)
175 usage ();
176 goto NXTARG;
177 case 'C':
178 if ((--argc <= 0) ||
179 (opt_comp = get_comp(*++argv)) < 0)
180 usage ();
181 goto NXTARG;
182 case 'O':
183 if ((--argc <= 0) ||
184 (opt_os = get_os(*++argv)) < 0)
185 usage ();
186 goto NXTARG;
187 case 'T':
188 if ((--argc <= 0) ||
189 (opt_type = get_type(*++argv)) < 0)
190 usage ();
191 goto NXTARG;
192
193 case 'a':
194 if (--argc <= 0)
195 usage ();
196 addr = strtoul (*++argv, (char **)&ptr, 16);
197 if (*ptr) {
198 fprintf (stderr,
199 "%s: invalid load address %s\n",
200 cmdname, *argv);
201 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
202 }
203 goto NXTARG;
204 case 'd':
205 if (--argc <= 0)
206 usage ();
207 datafile = *++argv;
208 dflag = 1;
209 goto NXTARG;
210 case 'e':
211 if (--argc <= 0)
212 usage ();
213 ep = strtoul (*++argv, (char **)&ptr, 16);
214 if (*ptr) {
215 fprintf (stderr,
216 "%s: invalid entry point %s\n",
217 cmdname, *argv);
218 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
219 }
220 eflag = 1;
221 goto NXTARG;
222 case 'n':
223 if (--argc <= 0)
224 usage ();
225 name = *++argv;
226 goto NXTARG;
227 case 'v':
228 vflag++;
229 break;
230 case 'x':
231 xflag++;
232 break;
233 default:
234 usage ();
235 }
236 }
237NXTARG: ;
238 }
239
240 if ((argc != 1) || ((lflag ^ dflag) == 0))
241 usage();
242
243 if (!eflag) {
244 ep = addr;
245 /* If XIP, entry point must be after the U-Boot header */
246 if (xflag)
247 ep += sizeof(image_header_t);
248 }
249
250 /*
251 * If XIP, ensure the entry point is equal to the load address plus
252 * the size of the U-Boot header.
253 */
254 if (xflag) {
255 if (ep != addr + sizeof(image_header_t)) {
wdenka6c7ad22002-12-03 21:28:10 +0000256 fprintf (stderr, "%s: For XIP, the entry point must be the load addr + %lu\n",
257 cmdname,
258 (unsigned long)sizeof(image_header_t));
wdenk5b1d7132002-11-03 00:07:02 +0000259 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
260 }
261 }
262
263 imagefile = *argv;
264
265 if (lflag) {
266 ifd = open(imagefile, O_RDONLY);
267 } else {
268#ifdef __WIN32__
269 ifd = open(imagefile, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC|O_BINARY, 0666);
270#else
271 ifd = open(imagefile, O_RDWR|O_CREAT|O_TRUNC, 0666);
272#endif
273 }
274
275 if (ifd < 0) {
276 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
277 cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
278 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
279 }
280
281 if (lflag) {
282 int len;
283 char *data;
284 /*
285 * list header information of existing image
286 */
287 if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
288 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
289 cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
290 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
291 }
292
293 if (sbuf.st_size < sizeof(image_header_t)) {
294 fprintf (stderr,
295 "%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is no valid image\n",
296 cmdname, imagefile);
297 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
298 }
299
300 ptr = (unsigned char *)mmap(0, sbuf.st_size,
301 PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
302 if ((caddr_t)ptr == (caddr_t)-1) {
303 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
304 cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
305 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
306 }
307
308 /*
309 * create copy of header so that we can blank out the
310 * checksum field for checking - this can't be done
311 * on the PROT_READ mapped data.
312 */
313 memcpy (hdr, ptr, sizeof(image_header_t));
314
315 if (ntohl(hdr->ih_magic) != IH_MAGIC) {
316 fprintf (stderr,
317 "%s: Bad Magic Number: \"%s\" is no valid image\n",
318 cmdname, imagefile);
319 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
320 }
321
322 data = (char *)hdr;
323 len = sizeof(image_header_t);
324
325 checksum = ntohl(hdr->ih_hcrc);
326 hdr->ih_hcrc = htonl(0); /* clear for re-calculation */
327
328 if (crc32 (0, data, len) != checksum) {
329 fprintf (stderr,
330 "*** Warning: \"%s\" has bad header checksum!\n",
331 imagefile);
332 }
333
334 data = (char *)(ptr + sizeof(image_header_t));
335 len = sbuf.st_size - sizeof(image_header_t) ;
336
337 if (crc32 (0, data, len) != ntohl(hdr->ih_dcrc)) {
338 fprintf (stderr,
339 "*** Warning: \"%s\" has corrupted data!\n",
340 imagefile);
341 }
342
343 /* for multi-file images we need the data part, too */
344 print_header ((image_header_t *)ptr);
345
346 (void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
347 (void) close (ifd);
348
349 exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
350 }
351
352 /*
353 * Must be -w then:
354 *
355 * write dummy header, to be fixed later
356 */
357 memset (hdr, 0, sizeof(image_header_t));
358
359 if (write(ifd, hdr, sizeof(image_header_t)) != sizeof(image_header_t)) {
360 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
361 cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
362 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
363 }
364
365 if (opt_type == IH_TYPE_MULTI || opt_type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT) {
366 char *file = datafile;
367 unsigned long size;
368
369 for (;;) {
370 char *sep = NULL;
371
372 if (file) {
373 if ((sep = strchr(file, ':')) != NULL) {
374 *sep = '\0';
375 }
376
377 if (stat (file, &sbuf) < 0) {
378 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
379 cmdname, file, strerror(errno));
380 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
381 }
382 size = htonl(sbuf.st_size);
383 } else {
384 size = 0;
385 }
386
387 if (write(ifd, (char *)&size, sizeof(size)) != sizeof(size)) {
388 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
389 cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
390 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
391 }
392
393 if (!file) {
394 break;
395 }
396
397 if (sep) {
398 *sep = ':';
399 file = sep + 1;
400 } else {
401 file = NULL;
402 }
403 }
404
405 file = datafile;
406
407 for (;;) {
408 char *sep = strchr(file, ':');
409 if (sep) {
410 *sep = '\0';
411 copy_file (ifd, file, 1);
412 *sep++ = ':';
413 file = sep;
414 } else {
415 copy_file (ifd, file, 0);
416 break;
417 }
418 }
419 } else {
420 copy_file (ifd, datafile, 0);
421 }
422
423 /* We're a bit of paranoid */
424#if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && !defined(__sun__)
425 (void) fdatasync (ifd);
426#else
427 (void) fsync (ifd);
428#endif
429
430 if (fstat(ifd, &sbuf) < 0) {
431 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
432 cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
433 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
434 }
435
436 ptr = (unsigned char *)mmap(0, sbuf.st_size,
437 PROT_READ|PROT_WRITE, MAP_SHARED, ifd, 0);
438 if (ptr == (unsigned char *)MAP_FAILED) {
439 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't map %s: %s\n",
440 cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
441 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
442 }
443
444 hdr = (image_header_t *)ptr;
445
446 checksum = crc32 (0,
447 (const char *)(ptr + sizeof(image_header_t)),
448 sbuf.st_size - sizeof(image_header_t)
449 );
450
451 /* Build new header */
452 hdr->ih_magic = htonl(IH_MAGIC);
453 hdr->ih_time = htonl(sbuf.st_mtime);
454 hdr->ih_size = htonl(sbuf.st_size - sizeof(image_header_t));
455 hdr->ih_load = htonl(addr);
456 hdr->ih_ep = htonl(ep);
457 hdr->ih_dcrc = htonl(checksum);
458 hdr->ih_os = opt_os;
459 hdr->ih_arch = opt_arch;
460 hdr->ih_type = opt_type;
461 hdr->ih_comp = opt_comp;
462
463 strncpy((char *)hdr->ih_name, name, IH_NMLEN);
464
465 checksum = crc32(0,(const char *)hdr,sizeof(image_header_t));
466
467 hdr->ih_hcrc = htonl(checksum);
468
469 print_header (hdr);
470
471 (void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
472
473 /* We're a bit of paranoid */
474#if defined(_POSIX_SYNCHRONIZED_IO) && !defined(__sun__)
475 (void) fdatasync (ifd);
476#else
477 (void) fsync (ifd);
478#endif
479
480 if (close(ifd)) {
481 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
482 cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
483 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
484 }
485
486 exit (EXIT_SUCCESS);
487}
488
489static void
490copy_file (int ifd, const char *datafile, int pad)
491{
492 int dfd;
493 struct stat sbuf;
494 unsigned char *ptr;
495 int tail;
496 int zero = 0;
497 int offset = 0;
498 int size;
499
500 if (vflag) {
501 fprintf (stderr, "Adding Image %s\n", datafile);
502 }
503
504 if ((dfd = open(datafile, O_RDONLY)) < 0) {
505 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't open %s: %s\n",
506 cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
507 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
508 }
509
510 if (fstat(dfd, &sbuf) < 0) {
511 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't stat %s: %s\n",
512 cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
513 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
514 }
515
516 ptr = (unsigned char *)mmap(0, sbuf.st_size,
517 PROT_READ, MAP_SHARED, dfd, 0);
518 if (ptr == (unsigned char *)MAP_FAILED) {
519 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Can't read %s: %s\n",
520 cmdname, datafile, strerror(errno));
521 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
522 }
523
524 if (xflag) {
525 unsigned char *p = NULL;
526 /*
527 * XIP: do not append the image_header_t at the
528 * beginning of the file, but consume the space
529 * reserved for it.
530 */
531
532 if (sbuf.st_size < sizeof(image_header_t)) {
533 fprintf (stderr,
534 "%s: Bad size: \"%s\" is too small for XIP\n",
535 cmdname, datafile);
536 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
537 }
538
539 for (p=ptr; p < ptr+sizeof(image_header_t); p++) {
540 if ( *p != 0xff ) {
541 fprintf (stderr,
542 "%s: Bad file: \"%s\" has invalid buffer for XIP\n",
543 cmdname, datafile);
544 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
545 }
546 }
547
548 offset = sizeof(image_header_t);
549 }
550
551 size = sbuf.st_size - offset;
552 if (write(ifd, ptr + offset, size) != size) {
553 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
554 cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
555 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
556 }
557
558 if (pad && ((tail = size % 4) != 0)) {
559
560 if (write(ifd, (char *)&zero, 4-tail) != 4-tail) {
561 fprintf (stderr, "%s: Write error on %s: %s\n",
562 cmdname, imagefile, strerror(errno));
563 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
564 }
565 }
566
567 (void) munmap((void *)ptr, sbuf.st_size);
568 (void) close (dfd);
569}
570
571void
572usage ()
573{
574 fprintf (stderr, "Usage: %s -l image\n"
575 " -l ==> list image header information\n"
576 " %s -A arch -O os -T type -C comp "
577 "-a addr -e ep -n name -d data_file[:data_file...] image\n",
578 cmdname, cmdname);
579 fprintf (stderr, " -A ==> set architecture to 'arch'\n"
580 " -O ==> set operating system to 'os'\n"
581 " -T ==> set image type to 'type'\n"
582 " -C ==> set compression type 'comp'\n"
583 " -a ==> set load address to 'addr' (hex)\n"
584 " -e ==> set entry point to 'ep' (hex)\n"
585 " -n ==> set image name to 'name'\n"
586 " -d ==> use image data from 'datafile'\n"
587 " -x ==> set XIP (execute in place)\n"
588 );
589 exit (EXIT_FAILURE);
590}
591
592static void
593print_header (image_header_t *hdr)
594{
595 time_t timestamp;
596 uint32_t size;
597
598 timestamp = (time_t)ntohl(hdr->ih_time);
599 size = ntohl(hdr->ih_size);
600
601 printf ("Image Name: %.*s\n", IH_NMLEN, hdr->ih_name);
602 printf ("Created: %s", ctime(&timestamp));
603 printf ("Image Type: "); print_type(hdr);
604 printf ("Data Size: %d Bytes = %.2f kB = %.2f MB\n",
605 size, (double)size / 1.024e3, (double)size / 1.048576e6 );
wdenkbdccc4f2003-08-05 17:43:17 +0000606 printf ("Load Address: 0x%08X\n", ntohl(hdr->ih_load));
607 printf ("Entry Point: 0x%08X\n", ntohl(hdr->ih_ep));
wdenk5b1d7132002-11-03 00:07:02 +0000608
609 if (hdr->ih_type == IH_TYPE_MULTI || hdr->ih_type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT) {
610 int i, ptrs;
611 uint32_t pos;
612 unsigned long *len_ptr = (unsigned long *) (
613 (unsigned long)hdr + sizeof(image_header_t)
614 );
615
616 /* determine number of images first (to calculate image offsets) */
617 for (i=0; len_ptr[i]; ++i) /* null pointer terminates list */
618 ;
619 ptrs = i; /* null pointer terminates list */
620
621 pos = sizeof(image_header_t) + ptrs * sizeof(long);
622 printf ("Contents:\n");
623 for (i=0; len_ptr[i]; ++i) {
624 size = ntohl(len_ptr[i]);
625
626 printf (" Image %d: %8d Bytes = %4d kB = %d MB\n",
627 i, size, size>>10, size>>20);
628 if (hdr->ih_type == IH_TYPE_SCRIPT && i > 0) {
629 /*
630 * the user may need to know offsets
631 * if planning to do something with
632 * multiple files
633 */
wdenkbdccc4f2003-08-05 17:43:17 +0000634 printf (" Offset = %08X\n", pos);
wdenk5b1d7132002-11-03 00:07:02 +0000635 }
636 /* copy_file() will pad the first files to even word align */
637 size += 3;
638 size &= ~3;
639 pos += size;
640 }
641 }
642}
643
644
645static void
646print_type (image_header_t *hdr)
647{
648 printf ("%s %s %s (%s)\n",
649 put_arch (hdr->ih_arch),
650 put_os (hdr->ih_os ),
651 put_type (hdr->ih_type),
652 put_comp (hdr->ih_comp)
653 );
654}
655
656static char *put_arch (int arch)
657{
658 return (put_table_entry(arch_name, "Unknown Architecture", arch));
659}
660
661static char *put_os (int os)
662{
663 return (put_table_entry(os_name, "Unknown OS", os));
664}
665
666static char *put_type (int type)
667{
668 return (put_table_entry(type_name, "Unknown Image", type));
669}
670
671static char *put_comp (int comp)
672{
673 return (put_table_entry(comp_name, "Unknown Compression", comp));
674}
675
676static char *put_table_entry (table_entry_t *table, char *msg, int type)
677{
678 for (; table->val>=0; ++table) {
679 if (table->val == type)
680 return (table->lname);
681 }
682 return (msg);
683}
684
685static int get_arch(char *name)
686{
687 return (get_table_entry(arch_name, "CPU", name));
688}
689
690
691static int get_comp(char *name)
692{
693 return (get_table_entry(comp_name, "Compression", name));
694}
695
696
697static int get_os (char *name)
698{
699 return (get_table_entry(os_name, "OS", name));
700}
701
702
703static int get_type(char *name)
704{
705 return (get_table_entry(type_name, "Image", name));
706}
707
708static int get_table_entry (table_entry_t *table, char *msg, char *name)
709{
710 table_entry_t *t;
711 int first = 1;
712
713 for (t=table; t->val>=0; ++t) {
714 if (t->sname && strcasecmp(t->sname, name)==0)
715 return (t->val);
716 }
717 fprintf (stderr, "\nInvalid %s Type - valid names are", msg);
718 for (t=table; t->val>=0; ++t) {
719 if (t->sname == NULL)
720 continue;
721 fprintf (stderr, "%c %s", (first) ? ':' : ',', t->sname);
722 first = 0;
723 }
724 fprintf (stderr, "\n");
725 return (-1);
726}