cmd/mem.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0+
/*
 * (C) Copyright 2000
 * Wolfgang Denk, DENX Software Engineering, wd@denx.de.
 */

/*
 * Memory Functions
 *
 * Copied from FADS ROM, Dan Malek (dmalek@jlc.net)
 */

#include <common.h>
#include <console.h>
#include <bootretry.h>
#include <cli.h>
#include <command.h>
#include <console.h>
#include <flash.h>
#include <hash.h>
#include <log.h>
#include <mapmem.h>
#include <rand.h>
#include <watchdog.h>
#include <asm/io.h>
#include <linux/bitops.h>
#include <linux/compiler.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/delay.h>

DECLARE_GLOBAL_DATA_PTR;

#ifndef CONFIG_SYS_MEMTEST_SCRATCH
#define CONFIG_SYS_MEMTEST_SCRATCH 0
#endif

/* Create a compile-time value */
#ifdef MEM_SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA
#define SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA 1
#define HELP_Q ", .q"
#else
#define SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA 0
#define HELP_Q ""
#endif

static int mod_mem(struct cmd_tbl *, int, int, int, char * const []);

/* Display values from last command.
 * Memory modify remembered values are different from display memory.
 */
static ulong	dp_last_addr, dp_last_size;
static ulong	dp_last_length = 0x40;
static ulong	mm_last_addr, mm_last_size;

static	ulong	base_address = 0;
#ifdef CONFIG_MEM_SEARCH
static u8 search_buf[64];
static uint search_len;
#endif

/* Memory Display
 *
 * Syntax:
 *	md{.b, .w, .l, .q} {addr} {len}
 */
#define DISP_LINE_LEN	16
static int do_mem_md(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		     char *const argv[])
{
	ulong	addr, length, bytes;
	const void *buf;
	int	size;
	int rc = 0;

	/* We use the last specified parameters, unless new ones are
	 * entered.
	 */
	addr = dp_last_addr;
	size = dp_last_size;
	length = dp_last_length;

	if (argc < 2)
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	if ((flag & CMD_FLAG_REPEAT) == 0) {
		/* New command specified.  Check for a size specification.
		 * Defaults to long if no or incorrect specification.
		 */
		if ((size = cmd_get_data_size(argv[0], 4)) < 0)
			return 1;

		/* Address is specified since argc > 1
		*/
		addr = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16);
		addr += base_address;

		/* If another parameter, it is the length to display.
		 * Length is the number of objects, not number of bytes.
		 */
		if (argc > 2)
			length = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 16);
	}

	bytes = size * length;
	buf = map_sysmem(addr, bytes);

	/* Print the lines. */
	print_buffer(addr, buf, size, length, DISP_LINE_LEN / size);
	addr += bytes;
	unmap_sysmem(buf);

	dp_last_addr = addr;
	dp_last_length = length;
	dp_last_size = size;
	return (rc);
}

static int do_mem_mm(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		     char *const argv[])
{
	return mod_mem (cmdtp, 1, flag, argc, argv);
}

static int do_mem_nm(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		     char *const argv[])
{
	return mod_mem (cmdtp, 0, flag, argc, argv);
}

static int do_mem_mw(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		     char *const argv[])
{
	ulong writeval;  /* 64-bit if SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA */
	ulong	addr, count;
	int	size;
	void *buf, *start;
	ulong bytes;

	if ((argc < 3) || (argc > 4))
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	/* Check for size specification.
	*/
	if ((size = cmd_get_data_size(argv[0], 4)) < 1)
		return 1;

	/* Address is specified since argc > 1
	*/
	addr = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16);
	addr += base_address;

	/* Get the value to write.
	*/
	if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA)
		writeval = simple_strtoull(argv[2], NULL, 16);
	else
		writeval = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 16);

	/* Count ? */
	if (argc == 4) {
		count = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 16);
	} else {
		count = 1;
	}

	bytes = size * count;
	start = map_sysmem(addr, bytes);
	buf = start;
	while (count-- > 0) {
		if (size == 4)
			*((u32 *)buf) = (u32)writeval;
		else if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA && size == 8)
			*((ulong *)buf) = writeval;
		else if (size == 2)
			*((u16 *)buf) = (u16)writeval;
		else
			*((u8 *)buf) = (u8)writeval;
		buf += size;
	}
	unmap_sysmem(start);
	return 0;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_MX_CYCLIC
static int do_mem_mdc(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		      char *const argv[])
{
	int i;
	ulong count;

	if (argc < 4)
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	count = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 10);

	for (;;) {
		do_mem_md (NULL, 0, 3, argv);

		/* delay for <count> ms... */
		for (i=0; i<count; i++)
			udelay(1000);

		/* check for ctrl-c to abort... */
		if (ctrlc()) {
			puts("Abort\n");
			return 0;
		}
	}

	return 0;
}

static int do_mem_mwc(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		      char *const argv[])
{
	int i;
	ulong count;

	if (argc < 4)
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	count = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 10);

	for (;;) {
		do_mem_mw (NULL, 0, 3, argv);

		/* delay for <count> ms... */
		for (i=0; i<count; i++)
			udelay(1000);

		/* check for ctrl-c to abort... */
		if (ctrlc()) {
			puts("Abort\n");
			return 0;
		}
	}

	return 0;
}
#endif /* CONFIG_CMD_MX_CYCLIC */

static int do_mem_cmp(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		      char *const argv[])
{
	ulong	addr1, addr2, count, ngood, bytes;
	int	size;
	int     rcode = 0;
	const char *type;
	const void *buf1, *buf2, *base;
	ulong word1, word2;  /* 64-bit if SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA */

	if (argc != 4)
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	/* Check for size specification.
	*/
	if ((size = cmd_get_data_size(argv[0], 4)) < 0)
		return 1;
	type = size == 8 ? "double word" :
	       size == 4 ? "word" :
	       size == 2 ? "halfword" : "byte";

	addr1 = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16);
	addr1 += base_address;

	addr2 = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 16);
	addr2 += base_address;

	count = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 16);

	bytes = size * count;
	base = buf1 = map_sysmem(addr1, bytes);
	buf2 = map_sysmem(addr2, bytes);
	for (ngood = 0; ngood < count; ++ngood) {
		if (size == 4) {
			word1 = *(u32 *)buf1;
			word2 = *(u32 *)buf2;
		} else if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA && size == 8) {
			word1 = *(ulong *)buf1;
			word2 = *(ulong *)buf2;
		} else if (size == 2) {
			word1 = *(u16 *)buf1;
			word2 = *(u16 *)buf2;
		} else {
			word1 = *(u8 *)buf1;
			word2 = *(u8 *)buf2;
		}
		if (word1 != word2) {
			ulong offset = buf1 - base;
			printf("%s at 0x%08lx (%#0*lx) != %s at 0x%08lx (%#0*lx)\n",
				type, (ulong)(addr1 + offset), size, word1,
				type, (ulong)(addr2 + offset), size, word2);
			rcode = 1;
			break;
		}

		buf1 += size;
		buf2 += size;

		/* reset watchdog from time to time */
		if ((ngood % (64 << 10)) == 0)
			WATCHDOG_RESET();
	}
	unmap_sysmem(buf1);
	unmap_sysmem(buf2);

	printf("Total of %ld %s(s) were the same\n", ngood, type);
	return rcode;
}

static int do_mem_cp(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		     char *const argv[])
{
	ulong	addr, dest, count;
	void	*src, *dst;
	int	size;

	if (argc != 4)
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	/* Check for size specification.
	*/
	if ((size = cmd_get_data_size(argv[0], 4)) < 0)
		return 1;

	addr = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16);
	addr += base_address;

	dest = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 16);
	dest += base_address;

	count = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 16);

	if (count == 0) {
		puts ("Zero length ???\n");
		return 1;
	}

	src = map_sysmem(addr, count * size);
	dst = map_sysmem(dest, count * size);

#ifdef CONFIG_MTD_NOR_FLASH
	/* check if we are copying to Flash */
	if (addr2info((ulong)dst)) {
		int rc;

		puts ("Copy to Flash... ");

		rc = flash_write((char *)src, (ulong)dst, count * size);
		if (rc != 0) {
			flash_perror(rc);
			unmap_sysmem(src);
			unmap_sysmem(dst);
			return (1);
		}
		puts ("done\n");
		unmap_sysmem(src);
		unmap_sysmem(dst);
		return 0;
	}
#endif

	memcpy(dst, src, count * size);

	unmap_sysmem(src);
	unmap_sysmem(dst);
	return 0;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_MEM_SEARCH
static int do_mem_search(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
			 char *const argv[])
{
	ulong addr, length, bytes, offset;
	u8 *ptr, *end, *buf;
	bool quiet = false;
	ulong last_pos;		/* Offset of last match in 'size' units*/
	ulong last_addr;	/* Address of last displayed line */
	int limit = 10;
	int count;
	int size;
	int i;

	/* We use the last specified parameters, unless new ones are entered */
	addr = dp_last_addr;
	size = dp_last_size;
	length = dp_last_length;

	if (argc < 3)
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	if ((!flag & CMD_FLAG_REPEAT)) {
		/*
		 * Check for a size specification.
		 * Defaults to long if no or incorrect specification.
		 */
		size = cmd_get_data_size(argv[0], 4);
		if (size < 0 && size != -2 /* string */)
			return 1;

		argc--; argv++;
		while (argc && *argv[0] == '-') {
			int ch = argv[0][1];

			if (ch == 'q')
				quiet = true;
			else if (ch == 'l' && isxdigit(argv[0][2]))
				limit = simple_strtoul(argv[0] + 2, NULL, 16);
			else
				return CMD_RET_USAGE;
			argc--; argv++;
		}

		/* Address is specified since argc > 1 */
		addr = simple_strtoul(argv[0], NULL, 16);
		addr += base_address;

		/* Length is the number of objects, not number of bytes */
		length = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16);

		/* Read the bytes to search for */
		end = search_buf + sizeof(search_buf);
		for (i = 2, ptr = search_buf; i < argc && ptr < end; i++) {
			if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA && size == 8) {
				u64 val = simple_strtoull(argv[i], NULL, 16);

				*(u64 *)ptr = val;
			} else if (size == -2) {  /* string */
				int len = min(strlen(argv[i]),
					      (size_t)(end - ptr));

				memcpy(ptr, argv[i], len);
				ptr += len;
				continue;
			} else {
				u32 val = simple_strtoul(argv[i], NULL, 16);

				switch (size) {
				case 1:
					*ptr = val;
					break;
				case 2:
					*(u16 *)ptr = val;
					break;
				case 4:
					*(u32 *)ptr = val;
					break;
				}
			}
			ptr += size;
		}
		search_len = ptr - search_buf;
	}

	/* Do the search */
	if (size == -2)
		size = 1;
	bytes = size * length;
	buf = map_sysmem(addr, bytes);
	last_pos = 0;
	last_addr = 0;
	count = 0;
	for (offset = 0; offset <= bytes - search_len && count < limit;
	     offset += size) {
		void *ptr = buf + offset;

		if (!memcmp(ptr, search_buf, search_len)) {
			uint align = (addr + offset) & 0xf;
			ulong match = addr + offset;

			if (!count || (last_addr & ~0xf) != (match & ~0xf)) {
				if (!quiet) {
					if (count)
						printf("--\n");
					print_buffer(match - align, ptr - align,
						     size,
						     ALIGN(search_len + align,
							   16) / size, 0);
				}
				last_addr = match;
				last_pos = offset / size;
			}
			count++;
		}
	}
	if (!quiet) {
		printf("%d match%s", count, count == 1 ? "" : "es");
		if (count == limit)
			printf(" (repeat command to check for more)");
		printf("\n");
	}
	env_set_hex("memmatches", count);
	env_set_hex("memaddr", last_addr);
	env_set_hex("mempos", last_pos);

	unmap_sysmem(buf);

	dp_last_addr = addr + offset / size;
	dp_last_size = size;
	dp_last_length = length - offset / size;

	return count ? 0 : CMD_RET_FAILURE;
}
#endif

static int do_mem_base(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		       char *const argv[])
{
	if (argc > 1) {
		/* Set new base address.
		*/
		base_address = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16);
	}
	/* Print the current base address.
	*/
	printf("Base Address: 0x%08lx\n", base_address);
	return 0;
}

static int do_mem_loop(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		       char *const argv[])
{
	ulong	addr, length, i, bytes;
	int	size;
	volatile ulong *llp;  /* 64-bit if SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA */
	volatile u32 *longp;
	volatile u16 *shortp;
	volatile u8 *cp;
	const void *buf;

	if (argc < 3)
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	/*
	 * Check for a size specification.
	 * Defaults to long if no or incorrect specification.
	 */
	if ((size = cmd_get_data_size(argv[0], 4)) < 0)
		return 1;

	/* Address is always specified.
	*/
	addr = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16);

	/* Length is the number of objects, not number of bytes.
	*/
	length = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 16);

	bytes = size * length;
	buf = map_sysmem(addr, bytes);

	/* We want to optimize the loops to run as fast as possible.
	 * If we have only one object, just run infinite loops.
	 */
	if (length == 1) {
		if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA && size == 8) {
			llp = (ulong *)buf;
			for (;;)
				i = *llp;
		}
		if (size == 4) {
			longp = (u32 *)buf;
			for (;;)
				i = *longp;
		}
		if (size == 2) {
			shortp = (u16 *)buf;
			for (;;)
				i = *shortp;
		}
		cp = (u8 *)buf;
		for (;;)
			i = *cp;
	}

	if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA && size == 8) {
		for (;;) {
			llp = (ulong *)buf;
			i = length;
			while (i-- > 0)
				*llp++;
		}
	}
	if (size == 4) {
		for (;;) {
			longp = (u32 *)buf;
			i = length;
			while (i-- > 0)
				*longp++;
		}
	}
	if (size == 2) {
		for (;;) {
			shortp = (u16 *)buf;
			i = length;
			while (i-- > 0)
				*shortp++;
		}
	}
	for (;;) {
		cp = (u8 *)buf;
		i = length;
		while (i-- > 0)
			*cp++;
	}
	unmap_sysmem(buf);

	return 0;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_LOOPW
static int do_mem_loopw(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
			char *const argv[])
{
	ulong	addr, length, i, bytes;
	int	size;
	volatile ulong *llp;  /* 64-bit if SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA */
	ulong	data;    /* 64-bit if SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA */
	volatile u32 *longp;
	volatile u16 *shortp;
	volatile u8 *cp;
	void *buf;

	if (argc < 4)
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	/*
	 * Check for a size specification.
	 * Defaults to long if no or incorrect specification.
	 */
	if ((size = cmd_get_data_size(argv[0], 4)) < 0)
		return 1;

	/* Address is always specified.
	*/
	addr = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16);

	/* Length is the number of objects, not number of bytes.
	*/
	length = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 16);

	/* data to write */
	if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA)
		data = simple_strtoull(argv[3], NULL, 16);
	else
		data = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 16);

	bytes = size * length;
	buf = map_sysmem(addr, bytes);

	/* We want to optimize the loops to run as fast as possible.
	 * If we have only one object, just run infinite loops.
	 */
	if (length == 1) {
		if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA && size == 8) {
			llp = (ulong *)buf;
			for (;;)
				*llp = data;
		}
		if (size == 4) {
			longp = (u32 *)buf;
			for (;;)
				*longp = data;
		}
		if (size == 2) {
			shortp = (u16 *)buf;
			for (;;)
				*shortp = data;
		}
		cp = (u8 *)buf;
		for (;;)
			*cp = data;
	}

	if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA && size == 8) {
		for (;;) {
			llp = (ulong *)buf;
			i = length;
			while (i-- > 0)
				*llp++ = data;
		}
	}
	if (size == 4) {
		for (;;) {
			longp = (u32 *)buf;
			i = length;
			while (i-- > 0)
				*longp++ = data;
		}
	}
	if (size == 2) {
		for (;;) {
			shortp = (u16 *)buf;
			i = length;
			while (i-- > 0)
				*shortp++ = data;
		}
	}
	for (;;) {
		cp = (u8 *)buf;
		i = length;
		while (i-- > 0)
			*cp++ = data;
	}
}
#endif /* CONFIG_LOOPW */

#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_MEMTEST
static ulong mem_test_alt(vu_long *buf, ulong start_addr, ulong end_addr,
			  vu_long *dummy)
{
	vu_long *addr;
	ulong errs = 0;
	ulong val, readback;
	int j;
	vu_long offset;
	vu_long test_offset;
	vu_long pattern;
	vu_long temp;
	vu_long anti_pattern;
	vu_long num_words;
	static const ulong bitpattern[] = {
		0x00000001,	/* single bit */
		0x00000003,	/* two adjacent bits */
		0x00000007,	/* three adjacent bits */
		0x0000000F,	/* four adjacent bits */
		0x00000005,	/* two non-adjacent bits */
		0x00000015,	/* three non-adjacent bits */
		0x00000055,	/* four non-adjacent bits */
		0xaaaaaaaa,	/* alternating 1/0 */
	};

	num_words = (end_addr - start_addr) / sizeof(vu_long);

	/*
	 * Data line test: write a pattern to the first
	 * location, write the 1's complement to a 'parking'
	 * address (changes the state of the data bus so a
	 * floating bus doesn't give a false OK), and then
	 * read the value back. Note that we read it back
	 * into a variable because the next time we read it,
	 * it might be right (been there, tough to explain to
	 * the quality guys why it prints a failure when the
	 * "is" and "should be" are obviously the same in the
	 * error message).
	 *
	 * Rather than exhaustively testing, we test some
	 * patterns by shifting '1' bits through a field of
	 * '0's and '0' bits through a field of '1's (i.e.
	 * pattern and ~pattern).
	 */
	addr = buf;
	for (j = 0; j < sizeof(bitpattern) / sizeof(bitpattern[0]); j++) {
		val = bitpattern[j];
		for (; val != 0; val <<= 1) {
			*addr = val;
			*dummy  = ~val; /* clear the test data off the bus */
			readback = *addr;
			if (readback != val) {
				printf("FAILURE (data line): "
					"expected %08lx, actual %08lx\n",
						val, readback);
				errs++;
				if (ctrlc())
					return -1;
			}
			*addr  = ~val;
			*dummy  = val;
			readback = *addr;
			if (readback != ~val) {
				printf("FAILURE (data line): "
					"Is %08lx, should be %08lx\n",
						readback, ~val);
				errs++;
				if (ctrlc())
					return -1;
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * Based on code whose Original Author and Copyright
	 * information follows: Copyright (c) 1998 by Michael
	 * Barr. This software is placed into the public
	 * domain and may be used for any purpose. However,
	 * this notice must not be changed or removed and no
	 * warranty is either expressed or implied by its
	 * publication or distribution.
	 */

	/*
	* Address line test

	 * Description: Test the address bus wiring in a
	 *              memory region by performing a walking
	 *              1's test on the relevant bits of the
	 *              address and checking for aliasing.
	 *              This test will find single-bit
	 *              address failures such as stuck-high,
	 *              stuck-low, and shorted pins. The base
	 *              address and size of the region are
	 *              selected by the caller.

	 * Notes:	For best results, the selected base
	 *              address should have enough LSB 0's to
	 *              guarantee single address bit changes.
	 *              For example, to test a 64-Kbyte
	 *              region, select a base address on a
	 *              64-Kbyte boundary. Also, select the
	 *              region size as a power-of-two if at
	 *              all possible.
	 *
	 * Returns:     0 if the test succeeds, 1 if the test fails.
	 */
	pattern = (vu_long) 0xaaaaaaaa;
	anti_pattern = (vu_long) 0x55555555;

	debug("%s:%d: length = 0x%.8lx\n", __func__, __LINE__, num_words);
	/*
	 * Write the default pattern at each of the
	 * power-of-two offsets.
	 */
	for (offset = 1; offset < num_words; offset <<= 1)
		addr[offset] = pattern;

	/*
	 * Check for address bits stuck high.
	 */
	test_offset = 0;
	addr[test_offset] = anti_pattern;

	for (offset = 1; offset < num_words; offset <<= 1) {
		temp = addr[offset];
		if (temp != pattern) {
			printf("\nFAILURE: Address bit stuck high @ 0x%.8lx:"
				" expected 0x%.8lx, actual 0x%.8lx\n",
				start_addr + offset*sizeof(vu_long),
				pattern, temp);
			errs++;
			if (ctrlc())
				return -1;
		}
	}
	addr[test_offset] = pattern;
	WATCHDOG_RESET();

	/*
	 * Check for addr bits stuck low or shorted.
	 */
	for (test_offset = 1; test_offset < num_words; test_offset <<= 1) {
		addr[test_offset] = anti_pattern;

		for (offset = 1; offset < num_words; offset <<= 1) {
			temp = addr[offset];
			if ((temp != pattern) && (offset != test_offset)) {
				printf("\nFAILURE: Address bit stuck low or"
					" shorted @ 0x%.8lx: expected 0x%.8lx,"
					" actual 0x%.8lx\n",
					start_addr + offset*sizeof(vu_long),
					pattern, temp);
				errs++;
				if (ctrlc())
					return -1;
			}
		}
		addr[test_offset] = pattern;
	}

	/*
	 * Description: Test the integrity of a physical
	 *		memory device by performing an
	 *		increment/decrement test over the
	 *		entire region. In the process every
	 *		storage bit in the device is tested
	 *		as a zero and a one. The base address
	 *		and the size of the region are
	 *		selected by the caller.
	 *
	 * Returns:     0 if the test succeeds, 1 if the test fails.
	 */
	num_words++;

	/*
	 * Fill memory with a known pattern.
	 */
	for (pattern = 1, offset = 0; offset < num_words; pattern++, offset++) {
		WATCHDOG_RESET();
		addr[offset] = pattern;
	}

	/*
	 * Check each location and invert it for the second pass.
	 */
	for (pattern = 1, offset = 0; offset < num_words; pattern++, offset++) {
		WATCHDOG_RESET();
		temp = addr[offset];
		if (temp != pattern) {
			printf("\nFAILURE (read/write) @ 0x%.8lx:"
				" expected 0x%.8lx, actual 0x%.8lx)\n",
				start_addr + offset*sizeof(vu_long),
				pattern, temp);
			errs++;
			if (ctrlc())
				return -1;
		}

		anti_pattern = ~pattern;
		addr[offset] = anti_pattern;
	}

	/*
	 * Check each location for the inverted pattern and zero it.
	 */
	for (pattern = 1, offset = 0; offset < num_words; pattern++, offset++) {
		WATCHDOG_RESET();
		anti_pattern = ~pattern;
		temp = addr[offset];
		if (temp != anti_pattern) {
			printf("\nFAILURE (read/write): @ 0x%.8lx:"
				" expected 0x%.8lx, actual 0x%.8lx)\n",
				start_addr + offset*sizeof(vu_long),
				anti_pattern, temp);
			errs++;
			if (ctrlc())
				return -1;
		}
		addr[offset] = 0;
	}

	return errs;
}

static int compare_regions(volatile unsigned long *bufa,
			   volatile unsigned long *bufb, size_t count)
{
	volatile unsigned long  *p1 = bufa;
	volatile unsigned long  *p2 = bufb;
	int errs = 0;
	size_t i;

	for (i = 0; i < count; i++, p1++, p2++) {
		if (*p1 != *p2) {
			printf("FAILURE: 0x%08lx != 0x%08lx (delta=0x%08lx -> bit %ld) at offset 0x%08lx\n",
			       (unsigned long)*p1, (unsigned long)*p2,
			       *p1 ^ *p2, __ffs(*p1 ^ *p2),
				(unsigned long)(i * sizeof(unsigned long)));
			errs++;
		}
	}

	return errs;
}

static ulong test_bitflip_comparison(volatile unsigned long *bufa,
				     volatile unsigned long *bufb, size_t count)
{
	volatile unsigned long *p1 = bufa;
	volatile unsigned long *p2 = bufb;
	unsigned int j, k;
	unsigned long q;
	size_t i;
	int max;
	int errs = 0;

	max = sizeof(unsigned long) * 8;
	for (k = 0; k < max; k++) {
		q = 0x00000001L << k;
		for (j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
			WATCHDOG_RESET();
			q = ~q;
			p1 = (volatile unsigned long *)bufa;
			p2 = (volatile unsigned long *)bufb;
			for (i = 0; i < count; i++)
				*p1++ = *p2++ = (i % 2) == 0 ? q : ~q;

			errs += compare_regions(bufa, bufb, count);
		}

		if (ctrlc())
			return -1UL;
	}

	return errs;
}

static ulong mem_test_quick(vu_long *buf, ulong start_addr, ulong end_addr,
			    vu_long pattern, int iteration)
{
	vu_long *end;
	vu_long *addr;
	ulong errs = 0;
	ulong incr, length;
	ulong val, readback;

	/* Alternate the pattern */
	incr = 1;
	if (iteration & 1) {
		incr = -incr;
		/*
		 * Flip the pattern each time to make lots of zeros and
		 * then, the next time, lots of ones.  We decrement
		 * the "negative" patterns and increment the "positive"
		 * patterns to preserve this feature.
		 */
		if (pattern & 0x80000000)
			pattern = -pattern;	/* complement & increment */
		else
			pattern = ~pattern;
	}
	length = (end_addr - start_addr) / sizeof(ulong);
	end = buf + length;
	printf("\rPattern %08lX  Writing..."
		"%12s"
		"\b\b\b\b\b\b\b\b\b\b",
		pattern, "");

	for (addr = buf, val = pattern; addr < end; addr++) {
		WATCHDOG_RESET();
		*addr = val;
		val += incr;
	}

	puts("Reading...");

	for (addr = buf, val = pattern; addr < end; addr++) {
		WATCHDOG_RESET();
		readback = *addr;
		if (readback != val) {
			ulong offset = addr - buf;

			printf("\nMem error @ 0x%08X: "
				"found %08lX, expected %08lX\n",
				(uint)(uintptr_t)(start_addr + offset*sizeof(vu_long)),
				readback, val);
			errs++;
			if (ctrlc())
				return -1;
		}
		val += incr;
	}

	return errs;
}

/*
 * Perform a memory test. A more complete alternative test can be
 * configured using CONFIG_SYS_ALT_MEMTEST. The complete test loops until
 * interrupted by ctrl-c or by a failure of one of the sub-tests.
 */
static int do_mem_mtest(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
			char *const argv[])
{
	ulong start, end;
	vu_long scratch_space;
	vu_long *buf, *dummy = &scratch_space;
	ulong iteration_limit = 0;
	ulong count = 0;
	ulong errs = 0;	/* number of errors, or -1 if interrupted */
	ulong pattern = 0;
	int iteration;

	start = CONFIG_SYS_MEMTEST_START;
	end = CONFIG_SYS_MEMTEST_END;

	if (argc > 1)
		if (strict_strtoul(argv[1], 16, &start) < 0)
			return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	if (argc > 2)
		if (strict_strtoul(argv[2], 16, &end) < 0)
			return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	if (argc > 3)
		if (strict_strtoul(argv[3], 16, &pattern) < 0)
			return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	if (argc > 4)
		if (strict_strtoul(argv[4], 16, &iteration_limit) < 0)
			return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	if (end < start) {
		printf("Refusing to do empty test\n");
		return -1;
	}

	printf("Testing %08lx ... %08lx:\n", start, end);
	debug("%s:%d: start %#08lx end %#08lx\n", __func__, __LINE__,
	      start, end);

	buf = map_sysmem(start, end - start);
	for (iteration = 0;
			!iteration_limit || iteration < iteration_limit;
			iteration++) {
		if (ctrlc()) {
			errs = -1UL;
			break;
		}

		printf("Iteration: %6d\r", iteration + 1);
		debug("\n");
		if (IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_SYS_ALT_MEMTEST)) {
			errs = mem_test_alt(buf, start, end, dummy);
			if (errs == -1UL)
				break;
			count += errs;
			errs = test_bitflip_comparison(buf,
						       buf + (end - start) / 2,
						       (end - start) /
						       sizeof(unsigned long));
		} else {
			errs = mem_test_quick(buf, start, end, pattern,
					      iteration);
		}
		if (errs == -1UL)
			break;
		count += errs;
	}

	unmap_sysmem((void *)buf);

	if (errs == -1UL) {
		/* Memory test was aborted - write a newline to finish off */
		putc('\n');
	}
	printf("Tested %d iteration(s) with %lu errors.\n", iteration, count);

	return errs != 0;
}
#endif	/* CONFIG_CMD_MEMTEST */

/* Modify memory.
 *
 * Syntax:
 *	mm{.b, .w, .l, .q} {addr}
 */
static int
mod_mem(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int incrflag, int flag, int argc,
	char *const argv[])
{
	ulong	addr;
	ulong i;  /* 64-bit if SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA */
	int	nbytes, size;
	void *ptr = NULL;

	if (argc != 2)
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	bootretry_reset_cmd_timeout();	/* got a good command to get here */
	/* We use the last specified parameters, unless new ones are
	 * entered.
	 */
	addr = mm_last_addr;
	size = mm_last_size;

	if ((flag & CMD_FLAG_REPEAT) == 0) {
		/* New command specified.  Check for a size specification.
		 * Defaults to long if no or incorrect specification.
		 */
		if ((size = cmd_get_data_size(argv[0], 4)) < 0)
			return 1;

		/* Address is specified since argc > 1
		*/
		addr = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16);
		addr += base_address;
	}

	/* Print the address, followed by value.  Then accept input for
	 * the next value.  A non-converted value exits.
	 */
	do {
		ptr = map_sysmem(addr, size);
		printf("%08lx:", addr);
		if (size == 4)
			printf(" %08x", *((u32 *)ptr));
		else if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA && size == 8)
			printf(" %0lx", *((ulong *)ptr));
		else if (size == 2)
			printf(" %04x", *((u16 *)ptr));
		else
			printf(" %02x", *((u8 *)ptr));

		nbytes = cli_readline(" ? ");
		if (nbytes == 0 || (nbytes == 1 && console_buffer[0] == '-')) {
			/* <CR> pressed as only input, don't modify current
			 * location and move to next. "-" pressed will go back.
			 */
			if (incrflag)
				addr += nbytes ? -size : size;
			nbytes = 1;
			/* good enough to not time out */
			bootretry_reset_cmd_timeout();
		}
#ifdef CONFIG_BOOT_RETRY_TIME
		else if (nbytes == -2) {
			break;	/* timed out, exit the command	*/
		}
#endif
		else {
			char *endp;
			if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA)
				i = simple_strtoull(console_buffer, &endp, 16);
			else
				i = simple_strtoul(console_buffer, &endp, 16);
			nbytes = endp - console_buffer;
			if (nbytes) {
				/* good enough to not time out
				 */
				bootretry_reset_cmd_timeout();
				if (size == 4)
					*((u32 *)ptr) = i;
				else if (SUPPORT_64BIT_DATA && size == 8)
					*((ulong *)ptr) = i;
				else if (size == 2)
					*((u16 *)ptr) = i;
				else
					*((u8 *)ptr) = i;
				if (incrflag)
					addr += size;
			}
		}
	} while (nbytes);
	if (ptr)
		unmap_sysmem(ptr);

	mm_last_addr = addr;
	mm_last_size = size;
	return 0;
}

#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_CRC32

static int do_mem_crc(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		      char *const argv[])
{
	int flags = 0;
	int ac;
	char * const *av;

	if (argc < 3)
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	av = argv + 1;
	ac = argc - 1;
#ifdef CONFIG_CRC32_VERIFY
	if (strcmp(*av, "-v") == 0) {
		flags |= HASH_FLAG_VERIFY | HASH_FLAG_ENV;
		av++;
		ac--;
	}
#endif

	return hash_command("crc32", flags, cmdtp, flag, ac, av);
}

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_RANDOM
static int do_random(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		     char *const argv[])
{
	unsigned long addr, len;
	unsigned long seed; // NOT INITIALIZED ON PURPOSE
	unsigned int *buf, *start;
	unsigned char *buf8;
	unsigned int i;

	if (argc < 3 || argc > 4)
		return CMD_RET_USAGE;

	len = simple_strtoul(argv[2], NULL, 16);
	addr = simple_strtoul(argv[1], NULL, 16);

	if (argc == 4) {
		seed = simple_strtoul(argv[3], NULL, 16);
		if (seed == 0) {
			printf("The seed cannot be 0. Using 0xDEADBEEF.\n");
			seed = 0xDEADBEEF;
		}
	} else {
		seed = get_timer(0) ^ rand();
	}

	srand(seed);
	start = map_sysmem(addr, len);
	buf = start;
	for (i = 0; i < (len / 4); i++)
		*buf++ = rand();

	buf8 = (unsigned char *)buf;
	for (i = 0; i < (len % 4); i++)
		*buf8++ = rand() & 0xFF;

	unmap_sysmem(start);
	printf("%lu bytes filled with random data\n", len);

	return CMD_RET_SUCCESS;
}
#endif

/**************************************************/
U_BOOT_CMD(
	md,	3,	1,	do_mem_md,
	"memory display",
	"[.b, .w, .l" HELP_Q "] address [# of objects]"
);


U_BOOT_CMD(
	mm,	2,	1,	do_mem_mm,
	"memory modify (auto-incrementing address)",
	"[.b, .w, .l" HELP_Q "] address"
);


U_BOOT_CMD(
	nm,	2,	1,	do_mem_nm,
	"memory modify (constant address)",
	"[.b, .w, .l" HELP_Q "] address"
);

U_BOOT_CMD(
	mw,	4,	1,	do_mem_mw,
	"memory write (fill)",
	"[.b, .w, .l" HELP_Q "] address value [count]"
);

U_BOOT_CMD(
	cp,	4,	1,	do_mem_cp,
	"memory copy",
	"[.b, .w, .l" HELP_Q "] source target count"
);

U_BOOT_CMD(
	cmp,	4,	1,	do_mem_cmp,
	"memory compare",
	"[.b, .w, .l" HELP_Q "] addr1 addr2 count"
);

#ifdef CONFIG_MEM_SEARCH
/**************************************************/
U_BOOT_CMD(
	ms,	255,	1,	do_mem_search,
	"memory search",
	"[.b, .w, .l" HELP_Q ", .s] [-q | -<n>] address #-of-objects <value>..."
	"  -q = quiet, -l<val> = match limit" :
);
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_CRC32

#ifndef CONFIG_CRC32_VERIFY

U_BOOT_CMD(
	crc32,	4,	1,	do_mem_crc,
	"checksum calculation",
	"address count [addr]\n    - compute CRC32 checksum [save at addr]"
);

#else	/* CONFIG_CRC32_VERIFY */

U_BOOT_CMD(
	crc32,	5,	1,	do_mem_crc,
	"checksum calculation",
	"address count [addr]\n    - compute CRC32 checksum [save at addr]\n"
	"-v address count crc\n    - verify crc of memory area"
);

#endif	/* CONFIG_CRC32_VERIFY */

#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_MEMINFO
static int do_mem_info(struct cmd_tbl *cmdtp, int flag, int argc,
		       char *const argv[])
{
	puts("DRAM:  ");
	print_size(gd->ram_size, "\n");

	return 0;
}
#endif

U_BOOT_CMD(
	base,	2,	1,	do_mem_base,
	"print or set address offset",
	"\n    - print address offset for memory commands\n"
	"base off\n    - set address offset for memory commands to 'off'"
);

U_BOOT_CMD(
	loop,	3,	1,	do_mem_loop,
	"infinite loop on address range",
	"[.b, .w, .l" HELP_Q "] address number_of_objects"
);

#ifdef CONFIG_LOOPW
U_BOOT_CMD(
	loopw,	4,	1,	do_mem_loopw,
	"infinite write loop on address range",
	"[.b, .w, .l" HELP_Q "] address number_of_objects data_to_write"
);
#endif /* CONFIG_LOOPW */

#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_MEMTEST
U_BOOT_CMD(
	mtest,	5,	1,	do_mem_mtest,
	"simple RAM read/write test",
	"[start [end [pattern [iterations]]]]"
);
#endif	/* CONFIG_CMD_MEMTEST */

#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_MX_CYCLIC
U_BOOT_CMD(
	mdc,	4,	1,	do_mem_mdc,
	"memory display cyclic",
	"[.b, .w, .l" HELP_Q "] address count delay(ms)"
);

U_BOOT_CMD(
	mwc,	4,	1,	do_mem_mwc,
	"memory write cyclic",
	"[.b, .w, .l" HELP_Q "] address value delay(ms)"
);
#endif /* CONFIG_CMD_MX_CYCLIC */

#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_MEMINFO
U_BOOT_CMD(
	meminfo,	3,	1,	do_mem_info,
	"display memory information",
	""
);
#endif

#ifdef CONFIG_CMD_RANDOM
U_BOOT_CMD(
	random,	4,	0,	do_random,
	"fill memory with random pattern",
	"<addr> <len> [<seed>]\n"
	"   - Fill 'len' bytes of memory starting at 'addr' with random data\n"
);
#endif